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2025-07-25 12:40本頁面
【正文】 a situation where this twoplant firm wants to produce a total output of l00 units. ? How many units should it produce in each plant, in order to produce the l00 units at the least total cost? ? produce 50 units in each plant: total production costs = (a + b + c) + (d) ▲ ? When the output in Plant A is 38 units and the output in Plant B is 62 units, total costs = a + (d + e). ? the total costs of producing the l00 units in the two plants will be at a minimum only when the marginal costs of the two plants are equal hence the equimarginal principle If you have multiple sources to produce a given product or achieve a given goal, and you want to minimize the total cost of producing a given quantity of that output, distribute production in such a way as to equalize the marginal costs between the production sources. ? If you have a given amount of resources, and you want to maximize the total amount produced, distribute total production among the sources in such a way as to equalize marginal costs. ? This principle will be very valuable when we take up the issue of getting maximum emissions reductions from given amounts of resources. MARGINAL COST AND SUPPLY ? whether private profitseeking firms (as well as public, politically minded agencies) will produce the correct quantities of output from the standpoint of society in total, for conventional goods and services and the amount of environmental quality. ? how firms normally determine the quantities they will produce ? The marginal cost of production is a key factor in determining the supply behaviour of firms in petitive circumstances. ? In fact, the marginal cost curve of a firm is its supply curve, showing the quantity of the good the firm would supply at different prices, assuming it can stay in business. FIG. 9 Marginal Cost and Supply Assume that the firm is able to sell its output at a price of p*. The firm will maximize its profits by producing that quantity of output where marginal cost is equal to p*。 that level is designated q*. ? We are often interested in the supply performance of industries posed of many firms rather than that of individual firms. the marginal cost / supply curve refers to a collection of firms all producing the same output ? the concept of market supply analogous to the concept of market demand ? The market or aggregate supply curve of a group of firms is the summation of the individual supply curves of all the firms in the group. Figure l0 There are three firms, A, B, and C. make a horizontal summation of these individual marginal cost curves on the aggregate level (24 units) $4 SUMMARY ? In this chapter we have covered briefly some of the basic tools of microeconomics. ? The concepts covered were the following: ? individual willingness to pay, marginal and total ? individual demand ? individual benefits, marginal and total ? aggregate willingness to pay, demand, and benefits ? cost opportunity costs ? marginal and total production costs ? technological change ? the equimarginal principle ? supply ? It39。s the fundamental economic building blocks, such as those in this chapter, that allow us to identify the primary economic characteristics of environmental problems and proceed to develop solutions to them. 1. What would happen to a demand curve showing aggregate quantity demanded per month of some good or service, if it became widely expected that the price of this item was going to be very high next year? 2. Figure 310 (p51) illustrates the derivation of an industry supply curve, under petitive conditions where each firm receives the same price for its output. What is the relationship of this procedure to the equimarginal principle as discussed earlier in the chapter? 1. 各舉一例說明收入水平 、 消費者的偏好 、 可替代商品的價格如何對消費者需求產(chǎn)生影響 。 2. 如果有兩種物品 ， 其中一種物品的供給曲線形狀較為陡峭而另一種較為平緩 ， 請你判斷哪種物品擴大生產(chǎn)較為容易 ？ 為什么 ？
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