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【正文】 aking various things available to people. ▼ ▼ ? two aggregate demand curves the two groups of people ? to estimate the total benefits from quantity ql to quantity q2 ? areas under the demand curves between quantity ql and quantity q2 ? area b / total area a + b ▲ ? The people with the higher demand curve must place a greater value on this item they are willing to pay more than the people whose demand curve is the lower function ? degradation of the natural environment ? the impacts of environmental programs and policies ? a clear notion of the value that people place on different things recognize shortings ? For one thing demand, and therefore benefits are often very hard to measure when it concerns environmental questions. ? Demand curves are critically affected by the ability to pay for something as well as preferences. ▲ ? The lower demand curve could represent a group of people with lower ines than those with the higher demand curve. ? lead us to conclude that the increase in quantity of q2 – ql would produce benefits that the lower ine people value less than the higher ine people. ? While the logic of the concept is clear, we have to be careful in using it, especially when we are dealing with groups of people with diverse ine levels. ? An individual39。s demand curve for two different goods ? demand curves curvilinear lines rather than straight lines ? A straightline demand relationship would imply a uniform change in the quantity demanded as its price changes. ? For most goods, however, this is unlikely to be true. water ? at low prices and high rates of consumption。s ▲ demand curve for a good ? before / after outdoor wilderness experiences ? a food item after / before an announcement of the presence in it of pesticide residues Fig. 2 (b): ▲ The different consumer39。s consider the willingness to pay of a person for a particular good. ? Assume that the person has none of the good to begin with. ? ask or perhaps deduce from watching her spend her money how much she would be willing to pay for a single unit of a good rather than go without The Concept of Willingness to Pay WILLINGNESS TO PAY 38 26 17 12 $ Units of the Good ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ? people can consume fractions of items in addition to integer values a smoothly shaped willingnesstopay curve ▲ ? These numbers depict a fundamental relationship of economics: the notion of diminishing willingness to pay. ? As the number of units consumed increases, the willingness to pay for additional units of that good normally goes down. ▲ Exceptional circumstances stamp submachine gun drug addict reputed modity ? Marginal（ 邊際 ） is thus a word that describes the additional willingness to pay of a person for one more unit. ? we need to make a distinction between total and marginal ? If the person has two units of the good, he want to pay $17 for a third unit the marginal willingness to pay for the third unit ▲ ? the total willingness to pay for a given consumption level ? at a level of three units the total willingness to pay is $8l ( $38 for the first + $26 for the second + $l7 for the third ) ▲ ? a+b Demand ? There is another way of looking at these marginal willingnesstopay relationships. demand curves ? An individual demand curve shows the quantity of a good or service that the individual in question would demand at any particular price. ? 需求即有支付能力的需要 ? marginal willingness to pay / demand curve ? For example, suppose a person whose marginal willingness to pay / demand curve is shown in bottom part of Figure l is able to purchase this item at a unit price of $l7. ? The quantity he would demand at this price is three units. ? An individual39。s wealth affects their will
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