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【正文】 that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it. ? Improved consumer confidence is to an economic recovery. ? We have an need for help。 we are running out of water. acute, critical, crucial, urgent acutecriticalcrucial urgentEnglish lexicology (III) 55 Synonymy ? Discrimination of synonyms ? It is whether the economy will get better. ? His changes of recovery from illness are . ? He has some ideas about what to do, but nothing specific. ? His directions confused us。 we did not know which of the two roads to take. ? The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many references. ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim unclear dim vague ambiguous obscure English lexicology (III) 56 Antonymy ?The definition of antonymy ? Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. They are a variety of “oppositeness”. They can be classified into three major groups. English lexicology (III) 57 Antonymy ?Types of antonyms ? Contraries ? Complementaries ? Conversives ? Semantic inpatibles English lexicology (III) 58 Antonymy ?Contraries(相對(duì)反義詞 /兩極反義詞 ) ? Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable. ? hot, warm, cool, cold ? beautiful, pretty, goodlooking, plain, ugly ? oldyoung, openclose, bigsmall, poorrich English lexicology (III) 59 Antonymy ?Complementaries(絕對(duì)反義詞 /互補(bǔ)反義詞 ) ? These antonyms truly represent oppositeness. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them (nongradable). ? deadalive, presentabsent, malefemale, truefalse, approvaldisapproval, capableincapable ? Prefixes: dis, in, il, ir, im, un…… English lexicology (III) 60 Antonymy ?Conversives(換位反義詞 /關(guān)系反義詞 ) ? This third type consists of relational opposites. ? Husbandwife, fianc233。fianc233。e, employeremployee, debtorcreditor ? Abovebelow, in front ofbehind, updown ? Buysell, givereceive, goe, gainlose English lexicology (III) 61 Antonymy ?Semantic inpatibles(多項(xiàng)不相容詞 ) ? North, south, east, west ? Spring, summer, autumn, winter ?January, February, March,……December ?Sunday, Monday, ….Saturday English lexicology (III) 62 Antonymy ?A word can have more than one antonyms ? Fresh breadstale bread ? Fresh airstuffy air ? Fresh flowersfaded flowers ? Fresh looktired look English lexicology (III) 63 Antonymy ?Stylistic purpose of the use of antonyms ? To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought. English lexicology (III) 64 Antonymy ?Stylistic purpose of the use of antonyms ? United we stand, divided we fall. ? Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. ? Visible darkness, a victorious defeat, a clever fool, an open secret, painful pleasure, cruel kindness. English lexicology (III) 65 Antonymy ?Stylistic purpose of the use of antonyms ? It was the best of times, it was the worst of times。 it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness。 it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity。 it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness。 it was the Spring of Hope, it was the Winter of Despair。 we had everything before us, we had nothing before us。 we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities)
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