【正文】 f local people involved in tourism with professional training and educationDistribution of tourism employees by educationPercentage of tourism employees (and local people) participating in onthejob training in a given time period15. Local satisfactionOverall perception of tourism’s impacts in local munity16. Tourist satisfactionOverall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality and the value/price ratio of the plex tourist productPercentage/change of repeat visits pared to firsttime visits4 RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITYRural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically sustainable, for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural development, tourists are usually genuinely interested in the local culture and traditions. One of the main attractions of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfill its role as the “industry of peace”, as a tool of mutual understandingNevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain arise concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic profitability of rural tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal, the occupancy rates are low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of ine. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the inegenerating alternatives in a region, so its role in sustainable development is highly influenced by the performance of other economic sectors (especially agriculture).Concerning environmental sustainability, experiences suggest that considerable investment needs to be undertaken in the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make rural tourism in any sense sustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the industrially least developed regions, which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition, managed agricultural landscapes do not always meet the expectations of tourists based on images of “traditional rural” landscapes represented in the tourist literature and in promotional materials.Tourism development also influences the sociocultural characteristics of rural destinations, both in positive and negative way (Keaneamp。Quinn,1990。Peters et al,1994).As positive impacts, the following can be mentioned: rural tourism usually encourages better use of the available resources(like land, labor, capital, natural and cultural attractions),brings about socioeconomic change, contributes to heritage protection and the conservation of the rural environment, provides more social contact for local people and increase their chance to learn about other cultures. As negative impacts, tourism in rural areas changes or damages the rural landscape and the natural and cultural values of a given region, rearranges social stratification (this can also be interpreted as a positive change in certain cases), puts additional pressure on the local munity, changes their rhythm of life, threatens their privacy or results in the inauthentic presentation of local custom and traditions, adapted to the tourists’ wishes.文章出處：International Conference September 1998, SAC, Auchincruive, Scotlantland鄉(xiāng)村旅游及其可持續(xù)發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)村旅游是整個(gè)旅游業(yè)的一部分，其地位對于匈牙利這個(gè)國家而言至關(guān)重要。匈牙利沒有壯麗旖旎的自然風(fēng)光，既沒有海灘，高山，雨林，也沒有珍禽異獸。然而，對那些希望在安靜的環(huán)境下得到放松和娛樂的旅游者而言，匈牙利極具吸引力的文化景觀，與很多古老的小村落、溫泉。河湖，結(jié)合于當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兇緲愕臒崆楹每?，匈牙利足以為旅游者提供一次快樂的旅游?jīng)歷。一方面，鄉(xiāng)村旅游的發(fā)展對匈牙利旅游產(chǎn)品的多樣化具有重要的意義，同時(shí)又可以樹立一個(gè)更加豐富多彩的鄉(xiāng)村形象。另一方面，鄉(xiāng)村旅游不僅是旅游業(yè)的一部分，更是刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，加強(qiáng)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的可進(jìn)入性，與提供當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裆钏降囊粋€(gè)重要手段。如果發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)村旅游是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)以上這些目標(biāo)，那么它在發(fā)展過程中必須既能有利于自身的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，又要保證資源的長期可持續(xù)利用。然而，什么是鄉(xiāng)村旅游的可持續(xù)發(fā)展方式？如何提倡、推廣和確保鄉(xiāng)村旅游目的地的可持續(xù)發(fā)展？本文旨在通過提供一些與匈牙利鄉(xiāng)村旅游業(yè)有關(guān)的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，來回答以上這些問題。“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”這一概念是在1987年，世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會(huì)上《布倫特蘭報(bào)告》中被提出來的。這一報(bào)告將“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”定義為“既滿足當(dāng)代人的需求，又不損害后代人滿足其需求的能力”。旅游業(yè)是當(dāng)今世界上最具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ漠a(chǎn)業(yè)之一，在1997年出境旅游者就已經(jīng)達(dá)到61700萬美元，并創(chuàng)造了4480億美元的旅游收入。（）另外，旅游業(yè)還是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要推動(dòng)力。在1996年，旅游總產(chǎn)出大約為31533億美元，創(chuàng)造了25500萬個(gè)就業(yè)崗位，％的GDP。平均每年投入7533億美元用于購買新的旅游設(shè)施設(shè)備。為全球稅收收入增加了6533億美元。這些數(shù)字和旅游業(yè)的重要性已經(jīng)清楚地表明：要在旅游業(yè)發(fā)展中趨利避害，達(dá)到利益最大化，僅在傳統(tǒng)旅游業(yè)身上尋找新亮點(diǎn)還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)必須在不破壞自然和社會(huì)文化環(huán)境的條件下發(fā)展和經(jīng)營，這同時(shí)也是世界范圍內(nèi)整個(gè)旅游業(yè)的共同責(zé)任。盡管《布倫特蘭報(bào)告》沒有明確提及旅游業(yè)，然而它一經(jīng)公布，“旅游業(yè)在日漸頻繁地濫用地球資源的今天，扮演著怎樣的角色”這一問題便引起了人們的思考。因此“可持續(xù)旅游”這一概念也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了?！翱沙掷m(xù)旅游”有數(shù)個(gè)存在差異的定義，根據(jù)自然和國家公園聯(lián)盟，可持續(xù)旅游時(shí)“所有能夠維持環(huán)境。社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)完整性和自然的、人工的和文化的資源永恒適宜的旅游形式?！倍鶕?jù)世界自然基金委，可持續(xù)旅游就是“在自然資源的承載能力之內(nèi)的運(yùn)作；尊重當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)人們的生活習(xí)俗和生活方式。在享受旅游經(jīng)歷和旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益方面是人人平等的；并以目的地社區(qū)人們的愿望為指導(dǎo)的旅游?！彪m然現(xiàn)有的這些定義在側(cè)重點(diǎn)和詳細(xì)程度上有或多或少的差異，但布倫特蘭在報(bào)告中傳達(dá)的基本思想已經(jīng)在世界范圍內(nèi)的旅游業(yè)當(dāng)中取得了廣泛共識(shí)。然而，對可持續(xù)性的理解將會(huì)多種多樣，不同的理解也將產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果。生態(tài)可持續(xù)性，是指旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展不能引起現(xiàn)有目的地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的反常變化。這一定義得到世界人民的廣泛認(rèn)可。因?yàn)閺漠?dāng)今世界發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)中我們可以很明顯的看到：是時(shí)候保護(hù)那些在旅游業(yè)的負(fù)面效應(yīng)中受到破壞的自然資源了。日益增長的環(huán)保意識(shí)對生態(tài)可持續(xù)性的發(fā)展起到了積極意義。社會(huì)可持續(xù)性是指在確保社會(huì)和諧的基礎(chǔ)上，社區(qū)容納旅游設(shè)施和旅游者的能力。旅游業(yè)中的文化可持續(xù)性，是指在面對旅游者所謂的“旅游者文化”和“殘余文化”的壓力下，旅游目的地居民有能力保持或適應(yīng)自身的文化特點(diǎn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)性，指從旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展中獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)水平不僅足以為目的地社區(qū)帶來適當(dāng)?shù)慕?jīng)濟(jì)收入。而且對于那些為滿足旅游者需求而采取的任何一種措施所耗費(fèi)的成本，也應(yīng)有能力承擔(dān)?？沙掷m(xù)性的這些不同方面相輔相成，同等重要，它們之間并不矛盾。高水平的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不能當(dāng)作恢復(fù)自然和社會(huì)資源的工具。相對脆弱的自然和生態(tài)資源一旦遭到破壞，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益將無從談起。旅游業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展必須同時(shí)兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、環(huán)境效益和文化效益。眾所周知，不當(dāng)?shù)穆糜伟l(fā)展方式將增加目的地的壓力，進(jìn)而為其帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)文化等方面的負(fù)面影響。為了避免不利影響的產(chǎn)生或?qū)⑵渥钚』瑳Q策者必須充分意識(shí)到各種因素在發(fā)展過程中所起的作用。在目的地朝著旅游業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展這一目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)的過程中，可持續(xù)性指標(biāo)通?？梢云鸬胶芎玫淖饔谩Ｖ笜?biāo)是一種被決策者利用以減少做出錯(cuò)誤決定的幾率的信息。（）也就是說，指標(biāo)是一套有效衡量一些因素的標(biāo)尺，而那些因素對決策者而言又至關(guān)重要(這些因素的重要性依據(jù)其與目的地發(fā)展目標(biāo)的關(guān)聯(lián)性和對旅游者的重要性而定）。于今天來說這些指標(biāo)是一種管理的工具，于將來而言是一種投資，因?yàn)樗鼈兘档土擞捎谑韬龃笠舛斐蓪β糜萎a(chǎn)業(yè)所依賴資源的損壞的危險(xiǎn)。（）基于不同的指導(dǎo)方針和建議，從本研究出發(fā)，本位文中所列研究指標(biāo)如下：表一：鄉(xiāng)村旅游持續(xù)性指標(biāo)—觀光者/旅游者數(shù)量（每年/每季節(jié)）—觀光者/旅游者數(shù)量與當(dāng)?shù)厝丝诒壤磕?每季節(jié)）—自然與文化資源清單—自然與文化資源吸引率—現(xiàn)存的當(dāng)?shù)?區(qū)域發(fā)展計(jì)劃—現(xiàn)存的當(dāng)?shù)?區(qū)域旅游業(yè)發(fā)展計(jì)劃—保護(hù)種類—被保護(hù)區(qū)域面積與參觀地總面積的百分比—當(dāng)?shù)厝私?jīng)營的旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)量與旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)總數(shù)量的比率—現(xiàn)存的用來確保地區(qū)發(fā)展計(jì)劃與執(zhí)行控制力的正式方式（公平、社區(qū)會(huì)議、公民投票權(quán)）—旅游業(yè)所創(chuàng)造的工作數(shù)量（全職工作）—當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)者的數(shù)量與臨時(shí)工人數(shù)量的比率—單由旅游業(yè)產(chǎn)生的稅收收入部分—不同經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)在稅收說入中的部分展示—可再生能源與不可再生能源的比例—配有合適的污水處理系統(tǒng)的居民比例—可接受的廢物處理能力—參與當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)中的居民總數(shù)量與其中受過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練和教育的人的數(shù)量的比率—旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)從業(yè)人員中教育的分配—在特定時(shí)間參加在職培訓(xùn)的旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)從業(yè)者的比率—旅游業(yè)對當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)帶來的影響的全面感知—游客關(guān)于質(zhì)量和價(jià)值/價(jià)格在錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的旅游產(chǎn)品中整體滿意度的比率—再次參觀與首次參觀的比率/變化度鄉(xiāng)村旅游業(yè)的本質(zhì)使得它稱為一種可持續(xù)性的產(chǎn)業(yè)。因?yàn)猷l(xiāng)村旅游所吸引的游客數(shù)量有限，并且不需要很大范圍的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。而旅游者也通常是發(fā)自內(nèi)心的對