【正文】 Contrasts in Technical Communication一位匈牙利人為申請一份在美國的工作的個人簡歷Now, let’s summarize the key points of this chapter! Summary:? describe the definition of contrastive rhetoric。? understand the relationship between culture, language and rhetoric。 ? analyze general sites of rhetorical contrasts in business munication。 ? analyze specific sites of rhetorical contrasts in business munication.Assignment ? Finish the exercises? Review the 2 chapters? Preview chapter 3 and 4See You Next TimeWhat is rhetoric mainly about?RhetoricRhetoric P17v Contrastive rhetoric is an area of research in secondlanguage acquisition that identifies problems in position encountered by secondlanguage writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them.Rhetoric P17v It studies structure of written material above the sentence level, and attaches great importance to culture’s influence on munication. v 主要研究范圍是探討第二語言學習者的學術寫作問題及文化的影響問題。 contrastive rhetoric maintains that language and writing are cultural phenomena.What is culture?Rhetoric P17v It is believed that the linguistic and rhetorical conventions of the first language interfere with writing in the second language. v 借鑒母語修辭策略對第二語言學術寫作問題進行解釋。General sites of rhetorical contrastsSpecific Sites of Rhetorical Contrasts in Business CommunicationChapter 3 MeetingsMany hands make light work. John HeywoodMeetings matter because that’s where an organization’s culture perpetuates itself. William R. Daniels, senior consultant at ACTv Meetings—whether they are good or bad—are a sign of an organization’s health. Chapter Outline1. Definition of Meetingsv Meetings are a type of theatre where managers observe and evaluate the performance and progress of subordinates.v Effective meetings need petent participants, organization, and effective leadership.To Inform(通知型會議)v In many organizations, people meet regularly to exchange information. v In many office groups, the Monday morning meeting is an important tool for informing group members about new developments, emerging trends, and the ing week’s tasks. To Develop New Ideas（探討型會議）v At this meeting, participants suggest new ideas in an open, democratic atmosphere. It also develops new procedures, programs, and so forth.v Usually, A Brainstorm occurs in this type of meeting, which is a sudden realization, thought or idea.v A great deal of the oral munication that takes place in the workplace happens in small group meetings. To Make Decisions （決策型會議）v Decisionmaking meetings bring people and panies together to debate an issue, reconcile conflicting views, and make a decision。v Which supplier should we contract? v Should we introduce a new product line? v Should we delay production so we can work out a design flaw in our new keyboard?7W3Hv what 指目標與內(nèi)容，包括主體，目標，機能，性能等 why 指原因，包括任務，期望，背景，技術等 who 指人員，包括制造，行銷，流通，負責的主體等 where 指地點類，包括 環(huán)境，市場，區(qū)域，渠道等 when 指時間，包括期限，時機，預期等 whom 指買家，消費者，接收者 which 指附屬品 7W3Hv how to 如何做，指方式和手段，包括集體方案，詳實計劃，戰(zhàn)略方針 how much 價格成本，投入產(chǎn)出，綜效成果 how many 負面效益，各種量（問題，業(yè)務，工作） To Delegate Work （委派工作型會議）v Meetings to delegate are held to assign tasks to people or groups, who are then responsible for pleting those tasks. v It is necessary to hold a delegating meeting to clarify specific details. v Meetings to delegate often are followed by informational and decisionmaking meetings. To Collaborate（合作型會議）v Collaborative meetings are sessions in which participants work together, to organize plex memos, letters, or reports. v Collaborative efforts succeed only if people work together as a team. To Persuade Others (說服型會議)v Persuasive meetings involve oral presentations to achieve a group consensus and support for a course of action. v For example, a persuasive meeting may present the merits of specific electronic product or build enthusiasm for purchasing the product.Task:v See Ugly Betty and discuss which types their meeting belongs to.Task:v What do you think of the advantages and disadvantages of meetings? Good news about meetings :v Meetings are empowering. v Meetings are a great way to municate. v Meetings develop work skills and leadership. v Meetings are morale boosting.Negative sides of meetings:v Mr. Bigwig has been trying to make a point for the past 47 minutes and you still can39。t quite figure out what he39。s trying to say. Number about Meetings: v American businesses hold about 20 million meetings each day. A survey by one marketing research pany showed that executives consider one third of the gatherings they attend to be unnecessary. v Another study found that unproductive meetings cost . business as much as $37 billion annually. Negative sides of meetings:v Can39。t Finish on TimeCan39。t Make DecisionsDominant and Silent ParticipantsDeal with Small Fires but Not Larger IssuesKey Persons Don39。t Attend3. The Process of MeetingPlanning a Meetingv 1. Determine the Purpose u Most meetings are one of two types: u In informational meetings, participants share information and sometimes coordinate action. u In decisionmaking meetings, participants persuade, analyze, and solve problems. They are often involved in brainstorming, sessions and debates.Planning a Meetingv 2. Decide Who Should Attendv Try to invite only those people whose presence is essential. v If the session is purely informational and one person will be doing most of the talking, you can include a relatively large group. v However, if you39。re trying to solve a problem, develop a plan, or reach a decision, try to limit participation to between 6 and 12 people.Planning a Meetingv 3. Choose the Meeting Timev Monday morning meetings focus on the week’s work after the weekend.v Friday afternoon meetings aim to plete tasks that must be finished be