【正文】 ht Balanced electrical chargepositively charged proton atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a includes features that can be seen with the naked atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the 41．當(dāng)密度小于水的密度時(shí)，物體將漂浮在水面上，當(dāng)密度大于水的密度時(shí)，物體會(huì)沉降。相似的，當(dāng)比重小于1時(shí)，物體將漂浮在水面上，當(dāng)比重大于1時(shí)，物體會(huì)沉降。2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致磁通量密度比真空中小，這種材料為反磁性材料。3．使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫順磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫鐵磁性材料。4．某些鐵磁性材料，特別是一些粉末狀或夾層鐵，鋼或鎳合金的相對(duì)導(dǎo)磁率可高達(dá)1000000。反磁性材料的相對(duì)導(dǎo)磁率小于1，但是到目前還沒有哪種材料的相對(duì)導(dǎo)磁率遠(yuǎn)小于1。5．當(dāng)順磁性或鐵磁性的芯插入線圈時(shí)，其磁感應(yīng)系數(shù)等于相對(duì)磁導(dǎo)率乘以空芯時(shí)的磁感應(yīng)系數(shù)。6．specific gravityboiling pointmagnetic inductioncoefficient of thermal conductivityglass transition temperature nonferrous metalslinear coefficient of thermal expansionmass per unit of volume that describe how a substance changes into a pletely different substance are called chemical is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in 5。，一般多測(cè)幾次以得到力學(xué)性能，報(bào)導(dǎo)的數(shù)值一般是平均值或者計(jì)算的 統(tǒng)計(jì)最小值。3．材料的承載方式極大地影響了材料的力學(xué)性能，也決定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有預(yù)警。4．然而，受力彎曲時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)應(yīng)力分布，應(yīng)力大小與到軸線的垂直距離有關(guān)。5．材料受到低于臨界壓力即屈服強(qiáng)度的力時(shí)，材料才會(huì)發(fā)生彈性形變。6． Test specimenstatic loadingforcenormal axisEngineering straincritical stressyield strength stress areaStressstrain curve below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys。while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high 6，材料科學(xué)與工程界有責(zé)任和機(jī)遇通過解決未來世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、飲食、回收和健康方面的需求來改變世界。%的世界平均人口增長(zhǎng)率。%速度增長(zhǎng)，這比世界人口增長(zhǎng)率快多了。，發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的人均能量使用量是不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)人均能量使用量的九倍以上。 domestic productmaterials science and engineeringmarket economySocietal issueseconomic indexsanitationGross national productpopilation growth rate things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of have witnessed the reshaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telemunications, and transportantion percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the 7，金屬是一類容易失電子以形成正離子的元素，它與其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。，從而導(dǎo)致晶體破裂。，可能含有十種以上的元素。 electronelectronic structure alkaline earth metalchemical cell nuclear chargeelectric conductivity are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major ponent is a different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable 8，并主要受到航空和能源工業(yè)的推動(dòng)。，因此在材料中并無晶界。 cubic crystal structureturbine entry temperature metallic materialsphase stability nuclear reactorsynthesis of nanoparticle typically hace an sustenitic facedcentered cubic crystal are used where there is a need for high temperature strength andcorrosion/oxidation are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride)is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds 9，有著與電池相同的本質(zhì)特征。（如電解液中的氫離子）發(fā)生反應(yīng)時(shí)，陰極處電子得 以平衡。4．Protective filmcircuitFree electronelectron transferMetal cationanode reaction metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an the surface bees wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and is monly classification based on the appearance of the corroded 10（研究）這些性能，看它們與我們所期望的陶瓷的組成有多匹配。，玻璃不再具有脆性行為，而表現(xiàn)為粘稠液 體。、抗腐蝕/氧化性能，或電學(xué)、光學(xué)抑或是磁學(xué) 性能。，先進(jìn)是最近100年才發(fā)展起來的，而傳統(tǒng)的基于粘土的陶瓷早 已在25000多年前就被使用了。 glass transition temperatureioniccovalent bondStress distributioncoefficient of thermal expansionGlass optical fibrematerials science and engineeringSolidoxide fuel cellselectron microscopy , which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known are stronger in pression than in tension, whereas metals have parable tensile and pressive generally have low toughness, although bining them in posites can dramatically improve this functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical position and microstructure, which determines their 11—合成與加工，結(jié)構(gòu)與組成，性質(zhì) 與性能之間的相互聯(lián)系來定義的。2．我們不僅要考慮具有完美晶格和理想結(jié)構(gòu)（的情況），我們也要考慮材料中 不可避免的結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷的存在，甚至是無定形的。，廠方要提供關(guān)于產(chǎn)品危害方面的信息。 ceramicsgrain boundaryAlkaline earth oxideoxide additiveTriple pointsaturation magnetizationTelevision tubethe color scale understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were or translu