【正文】 s, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an the surface bees wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and is monly classification based on the appearance of the corroded 10 （研究）這些性能，看它們與我們所期望的陶瓷的組成有多匹配。，玻璃不再具有脆性行為，而表現(xiàn)為粘稠液體。、抗腐蝕/氧化性能，或電學(xué)、光學(xué)抑或是磁學(xué)性能。，先進是最近100年才發(fā)展起來的，而傳統(tǒng)的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。 glass transition temperatureioniccovalent bondStress distributioncoefficient of thermal expansionGlass optical fibrematerials science and engineeringSolidoxide fuel cellselectron microscopy , which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known are stronger in pression than in tension, whereas metals have parable tensile and pressive generally have low toughness, although bining them in posites can dramatically improve this functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical position and microstructure, which determines their 11 —合成與加工，結(jié)構(gòu)與組成，性質(zhì)與性能之間的相互聯(lián)系來定義的。2．我們不僅要考慮具有完美晶格和理想結(jié)構(gòu)（的情況），我們也要考慮材料中不可避免的結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷的存在，甚至是無定形的。，廠方要提供關(guān)于產(chǎn)品危害方面的信息。 ceramicsgrain boundaryAlkaline earth oxideoxide additiveTriple pointsaturation magnetizationTelevision tubethe color scale understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were 4 or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and secondphase ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric 12 ，尤其在植入體和其它醫(yī)療器械方面是特別重要的。、聚合物和陶瓷。、高純度的氧化鋁被大量的用于植入物，特別是在需要承載壓力的髖關(guān)節(jié)修復(fù)和牙移植中。，氧化鋯的磨損率遠遠高于氧化鋯鋁的磨損率。 reactionstress shielding Total hip prosthesestraintofailure ratio Mechanical stressflexural strength Martensitic transformation is a nonviable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological repairs bee necessary when the existing part bees diseased, damaged, or just simply wears of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher straintofailure ratio than cortical stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic are questions concerning the longterm effect of Unit 13 ，這個詞指的是一大類具有許多性質(zhì)和用途的天然材料和合成材料。一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳狀聚合物和刷狀聚合物。，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷組成的。 lengthcrosslinkPolar monomernucleic acid Polymerizationpolyelectrolyte 14 ，這是因為碳原子具有與其它原子形成更強更穩(wěn)定的鍵的優(yōu)異性能。，這與完好晶體相具有非常明確的熔點不同。，因此分子量可能分布很寬或分布很窄。 很偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)了在橡膠中加入硫磺并加熱這個混合物能使橡膠變硬，對氧化和化學(xué)進攻能力的敏感性降低。 plasticcrosssectional area Polymerization reactiondouble bond Most mercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic biological polymers are posed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides posed of nucleotide polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer Units which prise the radiation emission from zirconia Chemical positioncarboxylic acid Melting pointdegradation by oxidation with different chemical position has different physical and chemical thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by 15 。，實現(xiàn)這些性能對控制和改進機械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解過程中，由水和熱引發(fā)的過氧化反應(yīng)可以使之降解成低摩爾質(zhì)量的物質(zhì)，這就是碳氫聚合物力學(xué)性能降低的主要原因。，另外也是因為包裝材料被食物污染后再進行物理回收是不切合實際的。 gaspackaging materialsAroma poundbioplastic materialChemical structurethe life cycle of biomass , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 the oxodegradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or most of the mercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully postable in real posting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative 16 ，多相金屬在微觀尺度上是復(fù)合材料。但一般意義上的復(fù)合材料是指通過鍵的作用使兩種或多種不同的材料結(jié)合在一起的材料。，復(fù)合材料有一個連續(xù)的叫基體的本體相，還有一個分散的非連續(xù)的叫增強相的相。，一般為碳/石墨，凱芙拉或玻璃纖維與環(huán)氧樹脂的復(fù)合材料。纖維具有高的硬度，而聚合物樹脂基體能保持復(fù)合材料的結(jié)構(gòu)。，復(fù)合材料就既具有增強相的強度又具有基體的韌性從而得到了性能的理想組合，這是任何一種組分單獨存在時所具備的性能。 materialreinforcement materialFiberglassmatrix materialStrengthening mechanismconventional material posite is monly defined as a bination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the ponents acting posties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are to the conception of posite , reinforced plastics, metalmatrix posites, ceramicmatrix posites and concrete are fiberreinforced posites, the fiber is the primary loadbearing and carbon fiber 6posites are examples of fiberreinforced 17 、撞擊或者重復(fù)的周期性應(yīng)力能導(dǎo)致兩層的界面處發(fā)生薄層分離，這種情況叫剝離。，工業(yè)材料既要質(zhì)輕又要牢固的要求是推動復(fù)合材料發(fā)展的主要動力。，值得銘記的是復(fù)合材料不像金屬（如鋁）那樣在壓力的作用下會完全解體。thermosetThermoplasticYoung’s ModulusMechanical property constantsextreme enviroment contrast, isotropic material(for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or greatest advantage of posite materials is strength and stiffness bined with makes them i