【正文】 第一篇：材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語118單元課后翻譯答案Unit 1.“材料科學(xué)”涉及到研究材料的結(jié)構(gòu)與性能的關(guān)系。相反，材料工程是根據(jù)材料的結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系來涉及或操控材料的結(jié)構(gòu)以求制造出一系列可預(yù)定的性質(zhì)。，所有固體材料的重要性質(zhì)可以分為六類：機(jī)械、電學(xué)、熱學(xué)、磁學(xué)、光學(xué)、腐蝕性。，材料科學(xué)與工程還有其他兩個(gè)重要的組成部分，即加工與性能。、結(jié)構(gòu)、性能之間的關(guān)系以及材料的加工技術(shù)，根據(jù)以上的原則，他或她就會越自信與熟練地對材料進(jìn)行更明智的選擇。，材料才具有最優(yōu)或最理想的綜合性質(zhì)。因此，有時(shí)候有必要為某一性質(zhì)而犧牲另一性能。dielectric constant Solid material(s)heat capacity Mechanical propertyelectromagnetic radiation Material processingelastic modulus was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of properties relate deformation to an applied load or 2 ，在可見光下不透明；擦亮的金屬表面有金屬光澤。，并且比金屬和聚合物具有更高的耐熱溫度和耐惡劣環(huán)境性能。；反之，當(dāng)它們膨脹和收縮時(shí)，他們也能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)電場。，操控和移動原子和分子以形成新結(jié)構(gòu)成為可能，因此，我們能通過一些簡單的原子水平的構(gòu)建就可以設(shè)計(jì)出新的材料。 materialsceramic materials highperformance materialsclay minerals alloyimplant glass fibrecarbon nanotube materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these of polymeric materials are organic pounds with very large molecular hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors( and metal alloys)and insulators( and polymers). must not produce toxic substances and must be patible with body 3 1． 金屬的行為（性質(zhì)）不同于陶瓷的行為（性質(zhì)），陶瓷的行為（性質(zhì)）不同于聚合物的行為（性質(zhì)）。2． 原子結(jié)構(gòu)主要影響化學(xué)性質(zhì)、物理性質(zhì)、熱學(xué)性質(zhì)、電學(xué)性能、磁性能、光學(xué)性能。微結(jié)構(gòu)和宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)雖也能影響這些性能但是他們主要影響力學(xué)性能和化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率。3． 金屬的強(qiáng)度表明原子是通過強(qiáng)的鍵結(jié)合在一起的。4． 元素的原子序數(shù)表明該元素的原子核內(nèi)帶正電的質(zhì)子數(shù)。而原子的原子量則表明該原子核中質(zhì)子數(shù)與中子數(shù)。5． Microstructuremacrostructure 1Chemical reactionatomic weight Balanced electrical chargepositively charged proton atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a includes features that can be seen with the naked atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the 4 1． 當(dāng)密度小于水的密度時(shí)，物體將漂浮在水面上，當(dāng)密度大于水的密度時(shí)，物體會沉降。相似的，當(dāng)比重小于1時(shí)，物體將漂浮在水面上，當(dāng)比重大于1時(shí)，物體會沉降。2． 由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移動，導(dǎo)致磁通量密度比真空中小，這種材料為反磁性材料。3． 使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫順磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫鐵磁性材料。4． 某些鐵磁性材料，特別是一些粉末狀或夾層鐵，鋼或鎳合金的相對導(dǎo)磁率可高達(dá)1000000。反磁性材料的相對導(dǎo)磁率小于1，但是到目前還沒有哪種材料的相對導(dǎo)磁率遠(yuǎn)小于1。5． 當(dāng)順磁性或鐵磁性的芯插入線圈時(shí)，其磁感應(yīng)系數(shù)等于相對磁導(dǎo)率乘以空芯時(shí)的磁感應(yīng)系數(shù)。6． specific gravityboiling pointmagnetic inductioncoefficient of thermal conductivityglass transition temperature nonferrous metalslinear coefficient of thermal expansionmass per unit of volume that describe how a substance changes into a pletely different substance are called chemical is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in 5 。，一般多測幾次以得到力學(xué)性能，報(bào)導(dǎo)的數(shù)值一般是平均值或者計(jì)算的統(tǒng)計(jì)最小值。3．材料的承載方式極大地影響了材料的力學(xué)性能，也決定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有預(yù)警。4．然而，受力彎曲時(shí)會產(chǎn)生一個(gè)應(yīng)力分布，應(yīng)力大小與到軸線的垂直距離有關(guān)。5．材料受到低于臨界壓力即屈服強(qiáng)度的力時(shí)，材料才會發(fā)生彈性形變。6． Test specimenstatic loadingforcenormal axisEngineering straincritical stressyield strength stress areaStressstrain curve below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys。while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high Unit 6 ，材料科學(xué)與工程界有責(zé)任和機(jī)遇通過解決未來世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、飲食、回收和健康方面的需求來改變世界。%的世界平均人口增長率。%速度增長，這比世界人口增長率快多了。，發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的人均能量使用量是不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)人均能量使用量的九倍以上。 domestic productmaterials science and engineeringmarket economySocietal issueseconomic indexsanitationGross national productpopilation growth rate things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of have witnessed the reshaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telemunications, and transportantion percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the 7 ，金屬是一類容易失電子以形成正離子的元素，它與其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。，從而導(dǎo)致晶體破裂。，可能含有十種以上的元素。 electronelectronic structure alkaline earth metalchemical cell nuclear chargeelectric conductivity are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major ponent is a different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable 8 ，并主要受到航空和能源工業(yè)的推動。，因此在材料中并無晶界。 cubic crystal structureturbine entry temperature metallic materialsphase stability nuclear reactorsynthesis of nanoparticle typically hace an sustenitic facedcentered cubic crystal are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride)is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds Unit 9 ，有著與電池相同的本質(zhì)特征。（如電解液中的氫離子）發(fā)生反應(yīng)時(shí)，陰極處電子得以平衡。4．Protective filmcircuitFree electronelectron transferMetal cationanode reaction metal