【正文】 regarding these questions. The bank saves the loan business to be supposed also to calculate the transaction， is one kind of not coordinated depositor the money bank， the bank gives the depositor a bankbook or is a deposit list looked from the value that， the exchange value is not depositor the reason that can feel relieved gives the money the bank， is because the bank has the prestige other words， is makes the guarantee with the bank the deposit service， the bank plays the generation of storage fund role to the depositor， the bank may paid use these funds， also must prepare to pay these funds as kind of transaction to the bank and the depositors all is positive， the loan business， the loan household besides must handle taking advantage of the creditor contract， but also must take guarantee this kind from the contract as the foundation， has not guaranteed， the bank does not loan farmer not has not developed the economical hope， also not has not expanded the production management scale the impulse， but must obtain the loan from the bank， is actually the countless sufferings and hardships. In the past the countryside also has appeared “the satchel bank”， has the special financial cadre to go to the field place for the farmer to because the credit station cadre39。s quality quite is low， often has diverts depositor39。s fund， but creates the depositor to lose also nobody damage control question， in addition front the year rural cooperatives foundation not good affects， the farmer rather believes in the city the bank insurance， also believed not greatly the bank visits the fundamentally solve the farmer deposit to be difficult， the loan is difficult， development economy difficult country must adjust the rural finance lets basic function same China Industry and merce Bank， Agriculture Bank of China， Chinese people Construction bank， Bank of China， the rural credit cooperative， financial organs and so on China Agricultural development Bank in a small county seat the disorderly petition， would rather again the conformity， is clear about the function， each does what he thinks is disrupts the bank the existing division of labor， mixes the cards， merges some function same rural finance organization。 Either explicitly stipulated respective management scope， increases dynamics which extends to the countryside， fundamentally changes in the city the bank to be many， countryside loan difficult question. Must walk live rural finance this chess， one wants the administrative reasonable government to the bank the intervention， is not passes likely such， forces the bank loan， but is brings both sides together between the bank and the loan household， can obtain the loan for the peasant household in the bank to create each kind of ， must innovate the mortgage the government and under department concerned39。s help， the peasant household may take out insurance， obtains the loan with the chit as the pawn。 Also may the chattel mortgage， the current assets which with stock and so on grain， cotton agricultural products and so on may sell off take the pawn。 Also may many peasant households unite， with produces goods the order form to take the mortgage， sells the loans achievement with this order form to return the bank loan the ， must extend the policy agricultural development bank besides gives the countryside small business provide to have the mortgage mercial character loan， but also may try out for the grain planter wealthy and powerful family provide policytype nonmortgage grain reserves loan， in the grain reserves extinguishes services .【1】一提起金融市場(chǎng)，人們很自然地就與股市交易聯(lián)系起來了。好像只有拿錢買股票，拋股票換錢，才能算得上是以貨幣為等價(jià)物的市場(chǎng)交換似的。銀行一般來說是不做交易的。因?yàn)樽鳛榇尜J款價(jià)格的利率，是國家鐵定了的，抬也抬不起來，跌也跌不下去。而股市上則不同，買同一種股票的人多，則股價(jià)看漲；拋同一種股票的人多，則股市看跌。說來說去，為農(nóng)民服務(wù)的銀行的存貸款業(yè)務(wù)算不算交易呢？怎樣才能把銀行搬到田間地頭呢？農(nóng)民是否有資金的渴望和負(fù)債投資的沖動(dòng)呢？對(duì)于這些問題是得好好地理論一番了。銀行的存貸款業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)該也算交易，只不過是一種不對(duì)等的交易。儲(chǔ)戶把錢存入銀行，銀行給儲(chǔ)戶一個(gè)存折或者是一張存單。單從價(jià)值上來看，交換的價(jià)值是不對(duì)等的。儲(chǔ)戶之所以能放心地把錢交給銀行，就是因?yàn)殂y行有信譽(yù)保障。也就是說是用銀行的信譽(yù)作保證的。在存款業(yè)務(wù)中，銀行對(duì)儲(chǔ)戶起著代保管資金的作用，銀行可以有償?shù)厥褂眠@些資金，也必須隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備支付這些資金。這種交易對(duì)銀行和儲(chǔ)戶都是積極的，有益的。在貸款業(yè)務(wù)中，貸戶除了要辦理借貸主合同外，還要以擔(dān)保這種從合同為基礎(chǔ)，沒有擔(dān)保，銀行一般是不貸款的。農(nóng)民不是沒有發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的渴望，也不是沒有擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營規(guī)模的沖動(dòng)，但要從銀行取得貸款，卻是千難萬難的。過去農(nóng)村也出現(xiàn)過“掛包銀行”，有專門的金融干部到田間地頭去為農(nóng)民服務(wù)。但是由于信用站干部的素質(zhì)比較低，時(shí)常有挪用儲(chǔ)戶的資金，造成儲(chǔ)戶損失而又沒有人善后的問題，再加上前些年農(nóng)村合作基金會(huì)的不良影響，農(nóng)民寧可相信城里的銀行保險(xiǎn)，也不大相信銀行的上門服務(wù)。要從根本上解決農(nóng)民存款難，貸款難，發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)難的問題。國家要調(diào)整農(nóng)村金融策略。與其讓基本職能相同的中國工商銀行、中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行、中國人民建設(shè)銀行、中國銀行、農(nóng)村信用合作社、中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行等金融機(jī)構(gòu)在一個(gè)小縣城里無序競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，倒不如重新整合，明確職能，各行其是。要么打亂銀行的現(xiàn)有的分工，重新洗牌，合并一些職能相同的農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)；要么明確規(guī)定各自的經(jīng)營范圍，加大向農(nóng)村延伸的力度，從根本上改變城里的銀行多，農(nóng)村的貸款難的問題。要走活農(nóng)村金融這盤棋，一是要行政合理干預(yù)。政府對(duì)銀行的干預(yù)，不是像過去那樣，強(qiáng)制銀行貸款，而是在銀行與貸戶之間牽線搭橋，為農(nóng)戶能在銀行取得貸款創(chuàng)造各種有利條件。二是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新抵押方式。在政府及有關(guān)部門的幫助下，農(nóng)戶可以投保，用保單作為抵押物取得貸款；也可以動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押，用糧食、棉花等庫存的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品等可以變賣的流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)作為抵押物；還可以多個(gè)農(nóng)戶聯(lián)合起來，用出貨訂單作為抵押，用該訂單的銷貨款作為歸還銀行貸款的保證。三是要延伸政策信貸。農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行除了給農(nóng)村小企業(yè)發(fā)放有抵押的商業(yè)性貸款外，還可以試行給糧食種植大戶發(fā)放政策性無抵押糧食儲(chǔ)備貸款，糧食儲(chǔ)備中的滅鼠、防蟲、保管等業(yè)務(wù)由當(dāng)?shù)丶Z食儲(chǔ)備公司負(fù)責(zé)，信貸業(yè)務(wù)由農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行管理。除了糧棉倉儲(chǔ)和糧棉代保管業(yè)務(wù)可以下伸以外，還可以在農(nóng)村開發(fā)新的政策性業(yè)務(wù)品種。如農(nóng)村政策性合作醫(yī)療貸款業(yè)務(wù)、農(nóng)村政策性教育貸款業(yè)務(wù)、農(nóng)村政策性養(yǎng)老貸款業(yè)務(wù)等。包括現(xiàn)階段由財(cái)政無償投入的種子補(bǔ)貼、公路補(bǔ)貼等都可以納入新的政策性貸款業(yè)務(wù)。改無償投入為有償介入，對(duì)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，不僅不會(huì)有影響，反而會(huì)有較大的推動(dòng)作用。要建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村，必須加大對(duì)農(nóng)村的投入。農(nóng)村不僅是廣袤的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交易市場(chǎng)，而且也是金融的廣闊天地。只要我們的金融干部想農(nóng)民之所想，急農(nóng)民之所急，幫農(nóng)民之所需，就一定能夠在這個(gè)廣闊天地里大有作為