【正文】 e CO gas amount then bees gradually more pronounced as the distance to the wall decreases.5. ConclusionsA new modeling approach has been presented where a CFD software has been coupled to a thermodynamic database (ThermoCalc) using custom subroutines to obtain possible to make a dynamic coupling of the ThermoCalc databases and the CFD software to make dynamic simulations of metallurgical processes such as a topblown converter. Specific conclusions from the top blown converter simulations include:(1) Turbulent diffusion of species can not be neglected when considering the species transport in the surface area.(2) The large amount of CO produced during the decarburization might slow down the rate of decarburization in droplets ejected from the bath.(3) It is possible to use extrapolation of the decarburization rate, sampled from a few seconds of simulation, to get a rough estimate of the carbon content at a later stage in the process as long as the carbon content is relatively high (pare next point).(4) For the current system, concentrations of about 3 mass% carbon in the steel yields no initial amount of slag. FeO and/or SiO2 created are close to zero . only gas (CO_CO2) is created as the oxygen jet hits the steel bath. To find out the bination of concentrations, flow rates and temperatures that renders the most efficient decarburization, a future parametric study would be of interest.AcknowledgementsThis work was financially supported by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and the Swedish steel industry through the Centre for Computational Thermodynamics (CCT).NomenclatureD0 : Molecular mass diffusivity [m2 s_1]Dt: Turbulent mass diffusivity [m2 s_1]e: Turbulence dissipation [m2 s_3]fC : Mass fraction carbon in steelf?C: Massweighted average mass fraction carbon insteelg : Gravitational acceleration [m s_2]k: Turbulence kinetic energy [m2 s_2]ki0 : Diffusion coefficient of species i [kgm_1 s_1]kceff: Effective thermal conductivity [Wm_1K_1]m : Molecular viscosity [kgm_1 s_1]n : Kinematic viscosity [m2 s_1]m˙ : Mass rate of change [kg s_1]Ni : Number of phasesNk : Number of scalars in the phase kf : General transported propertyf ik : Scalar k in phase iP : Pressure [Nm_2]Pe : Cell Pecl233。t numberPrt: Turbulent Prandtl numberr : Density [kgm_3]Sf : Source term for general property fSct: Turbulent Scmidt number (here )ur : Radial velocity ponent [m s_1]uz : Axial velocity ponent [m s_1]G : Diffusion coefficient for general property fREFERENCES1) E. T. Turkdogan: Chem. Eng. Sci., 21 (1966), 1133.2) N. A. Molloy: J. Iron Steel Inst., (1970), Oct., 943.3) T. Kumagai and M. Iguchi: ISIJ Int., 41 (2001), S52.4) A. Nordquist, N. Kumbhat, L. Jonsson and P. J246。nsson: Steel Res. Int., 2 (2006), 82.5) B. Banks and D. V. Chandrasekhara: J. Fluid Mechanics, 15 (1963), 13.6) A. Chatterjee and A. V. Bradshaw: The Interaction Between Gas Jets and Liquids, Including Molten Metals, 314.7) M. Ersson, A. Tilliander, M. Iguchi, L. Jonsson and P. J246。nsson: ISIJ int., 46 (2006), No. 8, 1137.8) J. Szekely and S. Asai: Metall. Trans, 5 (1974), 464.9) A. Nguyen and G. Evans: 3rd Int. Conf. on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, (2003), 71.10) . Zhang, . Du, . Wei: Ironmaking Steelmaking, 12 (1985), 249.11) . Odenthal, U. Falkenreck and J. Schl252。ter: European Conf. on Computational Fluid Dynamics, the Netherlands, (2006).12) D. Nakazono, . Abe, M. Nishida and K. Kurita: ISIJ Int., 44 (2004), 91.13) M. Ersson, A. Tilliander, and P. J246。nsson: Proc. Sohn Int. Symp Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials, ed. by F. Kongoli and R. G. Reddy, TMS, San diego, USA, Aug 27–31, (2006), p. 271.14) L. Jonsson, D. Sichen and P. J246。nsson: ISIJ Int., 38 (1998), 260.15) L. Jonsson: PhD Thesis, Dept. of Metallurgy, KTH, Sweden, (1998).16) L. Jonsson, P. J246。nsson, S. Seetharaman and D. Sichen: Proc. of 6th Japan–Nordic Countries Steel Symp., ISIJ, Tokyo, (2000), 77.17) C. W. Hirt and B. D. Nichols: Comput. Physics, 39 (1981), 201.18) B. E. Launder and D. B. Spalding: Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 3 (1974), 269.19) Fluent User’s Manual, (2007).20) . Shih, W. W. Liou, A. Shabbir, Z. Yang and J. Zhu: Computers Fluids, 24 (1995), 227.21) . Andersson, T. Helander, L. H246。glund, P. Shi, and B. Sundman: Calphad, 26 (2002), 273.22) A. Nordquist, A. Tilliander and P. J246。nsson: Proc. 5th European Oxygen Steelmaking conf., Aachen, Germany, (2006),