【正文】 hole is often manifested in the punch holes. For this type of die, the design should make the punch tiny try to shorten the length, in order to increase the strength, at the same time, also should adopt methods of the guide sleeve is to enhance the protection of small punch. In addition, in die design, full consideration should be given to the fixed form, convex and concave mold base and oriented form, the determination of the pressure center and, rigidity of the formwork etc.. Especially for blanking die, select the gap value has a great influence on durability. In the design, the die39。s gap to choose reasonable, the gap is not too small, otherwise it will affect the service life of dies and durability. Practice has proved, in does not affect the stamping quality, enlarge the gap can greatly improve the die life, sometimes even to raise several times and dozens of times.2. Correct selection of die materialDie material has different strength, toughness and wear resistance of different. The use of advanced materials can under certain conditions the durability increased several times. If the meter pole made of T10A steel punching die, a blade similar die than with Cr12 and Cr12 MoV. The wear life of much lower. And the use of G35 carbonized titanium carbide average service life and increase 510 times than Cr12 steel die, and the use of tungsten carbide as convex, concave die of similar material, but also increase 2030 times than that of Cr12 steel. Therefore, in order to improve the durability of the die must choose good material.3. Reasonably forging and heat treatment of die partsIn the selection of high quality die materials at the same time, for the same materials and different materials required for reasonable forging and heat treatment, is one important way to improve the durability of the stamping die. For example, when quenching, if overheated production during the heating, not only can make the workpiece of brittle is too large, but also easy to cause deformation and cracking on cooling, the wear is reduced. Therefore, in the manufacture of stamping dies, must have the reasonable heat treatment process.4. Arrange Die reasonable manufacturing process and ensure the machining accuracyDurability influence machining precision die to die big. As in the blanking die due to assembly clearance is not uniform, under the action of shear stress often make die eating a bad influence die life. At the same time, die surface finish is too low, also can make the die wear is reduced. Therefore, in the process must be from the size, the assembly of the supporting surface of punch fixed plate verticality, die spacing of holes uniformly and guide sleeve, the guide of the guide column to give full attention to accuracy grade. Manufacturing and assembly precision is high and the surface roughness of the working part of the higher level, the higher the durability of die.5. The correct choice of the pressIn order to improve the durability of the die, should choose high precision and high rigidity of the press, and the press tonnage is greater than the pressure of more than thirty percent.6. Reasonable use and maintenance of dieIn order to improve the die life, using the operator must be reasonable and maintenance of die, hedge model should be carried out regularly to prevent die repair, ill work.總結(jié) Summary進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的新形勢下，隨著資本、技術(shù)和勞動力市場的重新整合，我國裝備制造業(yè)在加入WTO以后，將成為世界裝備制而在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中，無論哪一行業(yè)的工程裝備，都越來越多地采用由模具工業(yè)提供的產(chǎn)品。 In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. 為了適應(yīng)用戶對模具制造的高精度、短交貨期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工業(yè)正廣泛應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)來加速模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，滿足各行各業(yè)對模具這一基礎(chǔ)工藝裝備的迫切需求。 In order to meet the user39。s highprecision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand lowcost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs. Improve the service life of die will facilitate the development of mold industry better, is conducive to the promotion of economic development.提高沖壓模具工作耐用度的措施 沖壓模具是沖壓生產(chǎn)中的重要工藝設(shè)備，是提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、節(jié)約原材料、體現(xiàn)模制品技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性的有效手段。沖模的耐用度凸模與凹模在工作一段時間之后，由于經(jīng)常磨損而失去了工作尺寸，再也不能滿足零件的技術(shù)條件情況下，根據(jù)沖模所沖制的零件總數(shù)決定的。一副沖模從設(shè)計、機(jī)械加工、裝配、調(diào)整到安裝使用，工序多，周期長，加工費(fèi)用高，因此，對于沖模除了要求生產(chǎn)效率高、所沖出零件完全符合質(zhì)量要求和技術(shù)條件外，沖模本身的耐用度也是很重要的。 沖模耐用度是和沖模的工作失效現(xiàn)象緊密聯(lián)系的，沖模工作的失效現(xiàn)象是沖模在使用過程中由于結(jié)構(gòu)形狀、尺寸和沖模零部件的材料組織性能發(fā)生變化而失去原設(shè)計的效能。沖模在結(jié)構(gòu)有嚴(yán)重缺陷而不能繼續(xù)使用或雖能工作但已不能完成指定的功能時，就可以認(rèn)為已失效。失效現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的越遲，沖模的耐用度就越高。 沖模耐用度高低，在生產(chǎn)中有很重要的意義。沖模的耐用度越高，沖模的使用壽命就越長，零件的成本也就越低。 沖模的失效形式 實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中沖模的失效現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)頻繁，沖模消耗量大。因此，分析沖模失效原因，采用各種有效措施防止沖模早期失效，提高沖模耐用度。 磨損失效 沖模的工作部分應(yīng)具有較高的耐磨性。磨損失效是沖模在使用過程中，零部件之間或沖模與工件之間相對運(yùn)動受摩擦、震動或高溫疲勞龜裂剝落而磨損甚至損壞。初期部分零件表面粗糙不平部分被迅速磨去，因此磨損速度很快；正常磨損階段，零件的磨損趨于平緩，這時沖模處于最佳的技術(shù)狀態(tài)，生產(chǎn)效率呈現(xiàn)出最好的水平，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量最有保證；過了正常磨損期零件磨損超過一定限度，正常磨損關(guān)系被破壞，接觸情況惡化，磨損速度加快，沖模工作性能也迅速下降，如果不及時維修或更換磨損件，沖模會產(chǎn)生事故、失去功能，以致報廢。 變形失效 變形失效包括過量的彈性變形或塑性變形、高溫蠕變等。沖模在使用過程中，因各種載荷及交變溫度的影響，以及材料本身的性能變化，造成剛性和韌性不足，導(dǎo)致沖模不能正常工作而失效。 脆裂失效 沖模在較為惡劣的條件下工作，受到各種載荷的作用，會因產(chǎn)生裂紋、剝落而引起突然斷裂，還會因疲勞破壞及應(yīng)力腐蝕破裂等而失效，故沖模常要求有較高的韌性。有些沖模在工作過程中處于反復(fù)加熱和冷卻狀態(tài)，使其表面受到拉、壓交變應(yīng)力的作用，引起表面脆裂和剝落，增大摩擦阻力，阻礙工件的塑性變形，以致沖模失效。這種因熱疲勞而脆裂是沖模失效的主要形式之一。 影響沖模耐用度的原因 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計不合理的影響 沖模結(jié)構(gòu)是影響沖模耐用度的關(guān)鍵，結(jié)構(gòu)不合理容易造成剛性差和壁厚分布不均勻，以及表面缺陷（如表面氧化、脫碳、裂痕、疤痕）都會影響材料的性能，造成沖模的早期失效。 沖模材料選擇的影響 選擇合適的沖模材料可以防止沖模早期失效。夾雜物使沖模內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生裂紋，引起脆性斷裂，在進(jìn)一步的熱處理和使用中，該裂紋進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展而引起沖模開裂。鋼材在進(jìn)行熱加工和退火時，再機(jī)加工后有時仍殘留脫碳層，由于內(nèi)外層組織不同，造成熱處理冷卻速度不一致，產(chǎn)生裂紋，引起沖模開裂。含有較高的炭和合金元素，有較多的共晶化合物，導(dǎo)致淬火時常常出現(xiàn)沿著帶狀碳化物分布的裂紋，沖模在使用過程中裂紋進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展，造成沖模開裂。 沖模機(jī)械加工的影響 沖模的型腔部分或沖頭的圓角部分，在機(jī)械加工中常常因進(jìn)刀太深而留下刀痕，造成應(yīng)力集中，淬火時相應(yīng)部位的裂紋進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展，導(dǎo)致沖模開裂。電加工時，沖模被加熱到高溫度，使組織發(fā)生變化，即電加工異常層受到交變應(yīng)力的反復(fù)作用，微裂紋變成大裂紋，導(dǎo)致沖模開裂而報廢。研磨加工會導(dǎo)致研削表面過熱，或引起表面軟化，硬度降低，使沖模在使用中因磨損嚴(yán)重，或由于熱應(yīng)力而產(chǎn)生磨削裂紋，最后導(dǎo)致沖模早期失效。 沖模熱處理規(guī)范的影響 沖模在機(jī)械加工后都應(yīng)進(jìn)行淬火、回火等熱處理。加熱溫度的高低、時間的長短、冷卻速度的大小、保護(hù)氣氛等工藝參數(shù)選擇不當(dāng)都會影響沖模的耐用度。模具鋼中含有較多的炭和較多的合金元素，導(dǎo)熱性差，加熱的速度不能太快。 當(dāng)發(fā)生氧化時，沖模表面易劃傷，尺寸變小，使用易產(chǎn)生早期疲勞裂紋，當(dāng)造成脫碳時，表面硬度顯著降低，造成早期磨損；淬火溫度過高，易造成晶粒長大，使鋼呈現(xiàn)出脆性，因而沖模的使用中常常出現(xiàn)裂