【導(dǎo)讀】OedipustheKing—→Freud’s“theOedipusplex”

　　

【正文】 tury. In modernism, men’s position in the universe was looked at in a fresh new way. The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置 ) The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature. 17th century Science: ☆ physics ☆ mathematics ☆ chemistry biology psychology The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century. Kepler’s Laws formed the basis of all modern plaary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation the laws of gravitation (萬有引力的內(nèi)容 ): the sun, the moon, the earth, the plas, and all the other bodies (天體 ) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation. Francis Bacon’s works —→ The Advancement of Learning —→ The New Atlantis —→ The Novum Organum (New Method) —→ Essays ( 散文集 ) Essays are Bacon’s most widely read work， 58 essays were included. Francis Bacon ① Knowledge is power. (知識就是力量 ) ② Virtue is like precious odours — most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed. 品德像寶貴的氣味－當(dāng)被壓碎或焚香時很芳香 ③ Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed (大致瀏覽 ), and some few to be chewed and digested.(翻翻而已 ) ④ Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.(純粹的人 ) 讀書可以使人成竹在胸 ⑤ Histories make men wise. (學(xué)史可以使人明智 ) ⑥ Wives are young men’s mistresses (情人 ), panions (伴侶 ) for middleage, and old men’s nurses.(照顧人的人 ) 1 Tomas Hobbes —→ Leviathan 1 Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. 1 Hobbes —→ abso lute Monarchy (君主制 ) Locke —→ Constitutional Monarchy ( 君主立憲制 ) 1 The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution. 1 Democracy (民主的體現(xiàn)是 ) —→ Parliament ( 議會 ) （希臘民主的體現(xiàn)是公民大會） 1 1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament (議會 ). 1 Milton —→ Paradise Lost ( 失樂園 ) The fall of men (圣經(jīng)的舊約 ) Satan 1 Theory of Knowledge 認(rèn)知論 Descartes employed methodic doubt (置疑方法論 ) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的 ) truth. I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am. Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind . Descartes believed that they are not dependable. 1 Classicism (新古典主義 ) Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to wor ks of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicis m of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core (以法語為中心 ), which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德國的歌德 ?席勒 ) French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主義的復(fù)蘇 ). 2 Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism. 2 Moli232。re (莫里哀 ) —→ The best representative of French neoclassicism. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? This advance began in science, in astronomy， physics and pure mathematics , owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe. The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century. What is the theory of the Social Contract, according to the Hobbes? It is necessary that there should be a mon power or government backed by force and able to punish (處罰 ). Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas (共有財產(chǎn) ). To escape anarchy (無政府狀態(tài) ), men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign (君主 ). In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security . The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization (中央集權(quán) ) of authority (權(quán)利 ) in one person that the evil can be avoided. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.(主張君主制 ) Government was not created by God, but by men themselves. What is John Locke’s Social Contract? Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent (贊同 ) of those who are incorporated into (與 … 融為一體 ) political society and subject themselves to government.(人要完全屈服于政府的統(tǒng)治 ) Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent (同意 ) to submit (服從 ) to the will of the majority (大多數(shù)人的意志 ) and that the will of the majority must prevail. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(是社會契約的簽約方 ), If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved.(有效地取消 ), This idea was weled by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.(北美獨立戰(zhàn)爭和英國資產(chǎn)階級革命 ) What is the great significant of the English Revolution? It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy (君主專制 ) in history. The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching. After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制 ) has e into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right establishe