【正文】 masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利語(yǔ)創(chuàng)作 ) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (喬叟與坎特布雷集 ) ① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work. ② Most of the tales are written in verse (詩(shī) ) which reflects(反映 ) Chaucer’s innovation (改革 ) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (壓頭韻 ) the French and Italian styles. ③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English ④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages. Division Four： Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主義思想 ) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (資產(chǎn)階級(jí) ), to lift the restrictions (禁忌 ) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克 ) was the representative poet. Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主義興起的重要原因 Humanistic ideas to develop) At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man. (以人為本 —人文主義的核心 ) Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible. Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隸 ) —— Moses (摩西 ) Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母瑪利亞 ) He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典學(xué)派 ). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument. Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (維納斯 ) John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time. 1 Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language. 1 The reformation get its victory first in England. 1 Reformation The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a sociopolitical (社會(huì)政治 ) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的實(shí)質(zhì)是：反對(duì)羅馬天主教，直接形式是用母語(yǔ)翻譯圣經(jīng) 1 Calvinism Calvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (長(zhǎng)老會(huì) ). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的選民 ) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于資本主義的興起 )。 They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals。re (莫里哀 ) —→ The best representative of French neoclassicism. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? This advance began in science, in astronomy， physics and pure mathematics , owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe. The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century. What is the theory of the Social Contract, according to the Hobbes? It is necessary that there should be a mon power or government backed by force and able to punish (處罰 ). Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas (共有財(cái)產(chǎn) ). To escape anarchy (無(wú)政府狀態(tài) ), men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign (君主 ). In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security . The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization (中央集權(quán) ) of authority (權(quán)利 ) in one person that the evil can be avoided. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.(主張君主制 ) Government was not created by God, but by men themselves. What is John Locke’s Social Contract? Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent (贊同 ) of those who are incorporated into (與 … 融為一體 ) political society and subject themselves to government.(人要完全屈服于政府的統(tǒng)治 ) Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent (同意 ) to submit (服從 ) to the will of the majority (大多數(shù)人的意志 ) and that the will of the majority must prevail. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(是社會(huì)契約的簽約方 ), If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved.(有效地取消 ), This idea was weled by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.(北美獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命 ) What is the great significant of the English Revolution? It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy (君主專制 ) in history. The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching. After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制 ) has e into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right establishe