【正文】 間存在著的相同點(diǎn)，如工作原理、原材料等等。大多數(shù)成組技術(shù)的應(yīng)用的核心主題是成組技術(shù)適用的是一些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)和制造（或兩者）有相似之處的項(xiàng)目，但是重點(diǎn)是確定和利用的組成部分的相似之處。雖然成組技術(shù)的基本原理早在1950年就被描述和提出，然而只是在過(guò)去10年里對(duì)成組技術(shù)重大和持續(xù)的興趣才在美國(guó)浮出水面。通過(guò)努力，首先，確定了成組技術(shù)的應(yīng)用在美國(guó)的地位，然后發(fā)展了一些應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)有實(shí)力的制造商。數(shù)據(jù)收集了20個(gè)應(yīng)用了這一先進(jìn)技術(shù)了公司。15頁(yè)的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷收集了關(guān)于以下一些方面的信息：（1）這些使用成組技術(shù)公司的特點(diǎn)；（2）成組技術(shù)如何應(yīng)用在這些公司；（3）應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)項(xiàng)目的的成本和效益。這次調(diào)查的結(jié)果如下所述，概述了成組技術(shù)在美國(guó)應(yīng)用的范例并說(shuō)明了應(yīng)用這一創(chuàng)新技術(shù)的范圍廣泛的美國(guó)制造商的潛在發(fā)展實(shí)力。調(diào)查答復(fù)表明：成組技術(shù)是一個(gè)多方面的工具。它可以適應(yīng)在不同環(huán)境下的各種各樣的問(wèn)題。成組技術(shù)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用到各種大型和小型產(chǎn)品中，其中包括從小到大數(shù)量眾多的金屬產(chǎn)品的制造。雖然沒(méi)有被廣泛應(yīng)用到金屬加工和各種金屬加工工業(yè)中外（這些行業(yè)的成組技術(shù)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用很廣泛了）。通常，成組技術(shù)被應(yīng)用在回應(yīng)特殊問(wèn)題和成套問(wèn)題。通常，需要遏制向企業(yè)過(guò)分的過(guò)早的介紹成組技術(shù)。通過(guò)實(shí)施和使用一些關(guān)于成組技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)，會(huì)得出一定數(shù)量的有趣的結(jié)果。首先，調(diào)查結(jié)果證實(shí)成組技術(shù)是多樣花的制造技術(shù)。實(shí)際上，GT的最普遍的應(yīng)用是在制造業(yè)工程學(xué)上，特別是作為在合理化處理計(jì)劃作用的援助。企業(yè)的百分之七十五在制造業(yè)工程學(xué)使用了GT，而百分之五十五設(shè)定了一個(gè)或更多生產(chǎn)細(xì)胞，并且一個(gè)相應(yīng)的數(shù)字應(yīng)用了GT于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)。第二有趣發(fā)現(xiàn)是，對(duì)于大多數(shù)企業(yè)，辨認(rèn)和編組的相似的項(xiàng)目不拘形式的方法(即由視力檢查或被通知的評(píng)斷)證明了不充分追求的GT應(yīng)用。因此，應(yīng)答者的百分之八十五注意到，正式分類和編碼方案在辨認(rèn)和利用被用于援助項(xiàng)目相似性。該調(diào)查還得出有趣的結(jié)果，是關(guān)于在實(shí)施成組技術(shù)的過(guò)程中遇到的問(wèn)題。有個(gè)公司報(bào)道說(shuō)，不管什么類型的應(yīng)用程序（即產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，制造工程或單元制造），人力抵抗變革是最嚴(yán)重的障礙對(duì)于介紹成組技術(shù)，在大多數(shù)情況下，這個(gè)障礙可以戰(zhàn)勝，盡早和盡可能的通過(guò)對(duì)成組技術(shù)的教育和引進(jìn)一些成組技術(shù)介入的生產(chǎn)實(shí)例。一定數(shù)量的對(duì)成組技術(shù)（GT）應(yīng)用的種類的問(wèn)題也被注意到了。關(guān)于相對(duì)容易實(shí)施成組技術(shù)（GT）的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，受訪者普遍認(rèn)為，建立細(xì)胞比應(yīng)用在制造工程或產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)充滿了更多的困難。關(guān)于應(yīng)用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的成本和效益，百分之八十五的公司報(bào)告說(shuō)，應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)（GT）的實(shí)際好處達(dá)到或超出了預(yù)期的效益。具體包括，經(jīng)常提到的減少儲(chǔ)蓄周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間，更容易編寫(xiě)進(jìn)程計(jì)劃。計(jì)劃的成組技術(shù)編程的費(fèi)用，并購(gòu)買更多的計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件是最常被引用有關(guān)成組技術(shù)（GT）的費(fèi)用。在對(duì)于運(yùn)用成組技術(shù)成功的先決條件，絕大多少受訪者一至認(rèn)為，兩個(gè)因素是至關(guān)重要的。首先是所有的成組技術(shù)（GT）教育是受變動(dòng)因素影響的，伴隨著成組技術(shù)（GT）的介紹的那些(經(jīng)理、監(jiān)督員和線人員)人而產(chǎn)生變動(dòng)。 第二個(gè)重要因素是最高管理層的承諾，對(duì)成組技術(shù)（GT）應(yīng)用的原則和支持介入指揮學(xué)習(xí)成組技術(shù)（GT）努力人員。因此，只要企業(yè)包括這里的代表更廣泛的美國(guó)制造商，我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論，通過(guò)在場(chǎng)的高層管理人員的鼓勵(lì)，并承諾對(duì)成組技術(shù)（GT）的教育，一批制造商參與任何金屬加工和面臨的各種問(wèn)題都可以受益于付諸實(shí)踐成組技術(shù)原則。附錄BThe potential of group technology for . manufacturingNancy Lea Hyer*Group Technology (GT) is an innovative approach to batch production which seeks to rationalize a variety of aspects of the conversion process by recognizing and exploiting the underlying sameness which exists among ponent parts, end items, raw materials and so forth. The majority of GT applications, however, focus on identifying and capitalizing on ponent part similarities. The central theme of GT when applied to this class of items is the formation of part families based on design or manufacturing similarities (or both).Although the basic principles of GT were described and applied overseas as early as 1950, it is only in the past ten years that any significant and sustained . interest in GT has surfaced. In an effort, first, to determine the status of GT use in the . and, second, to provide some insights as to the desirability of GT for . manufacturers, data was collected on twenty . firms known to use this innovation. A fifteen page questionnaire was employed to gather information on (1) the characteristics of these firms which use GT, (2) the ways in which GT has been applied at these panies and (3) the costs and benefits of these GT programs. The results of this survey, described below, provide an overview of GT practices in a sample of . firms and indicate the potential usefulness of this innovation for a broad spectrum of . manufacturers.The survey responses indicate that GT is a multifaceted tool which can be applied to a variety of problems in a variety of industrial settings. GT has been adopted by both large and small installations involved in the manufacture of metal items produced in small to medium quantity lots. Although no applications were identified outside metal working, the range of metalworking industries in which GT had been implemented is quite broad. Universally, GT was adopted in response to a particular problem or set of problems. Frequently, the need to curb excessive lead times motivated firms to introduce GT.In terms of implementing and using GT there were a number of interesting findings. First, the survey results confirm that GT is more than cellular manufacturing. In fact, the most popular application of GT was in manufacturing engineering, particularly as an aid in rationalizing the process planning function. Seventyfive percent of the firms had used GT in manufacturing engineering, while fiftyfive percent had set up one or more production cells and an equal number had applied GT to product design. A second interesting finding was that, for the majority of firms, informal procedures for identifying and grouping similar items (. by visual inspection or informed judgement) proved inadequate for pursuing GT applications. Consequently, eightyfive percent of the respondents noted that formal classification and coding schemes had been used to aid in identifying and exploiting item similarities. The survey also yielded interesting results with respect to the problems encountered in implementing GT. The firms reported that regardless of the type of application (., product design, manufacturing engineering or cellular manufacturing), human resistance to change was the most serious impediment to successfully introducing GT. This obstacle could be surmounted, in most instances, by GT education and by involving those affected by GT as early in the implementation process as possible. A number of other problems specific to the type of GT application were also noted. With regard to the relative ease of implementing GT in various areas, the respondents generally agreed that establishing cells is fraught with more difficulties than are GT applications in manufacturing engineering or product design.With respect to costs and benefits, 85% of the firms reported that the actual benefits from GT met or exceeded their anticipated benefits. Specific savings frequently mentioned included reduced lead times and easier preparation of process plans. Costs for planning the GT program and for purchasing additional puter hardware and software were the most monly cited GTrelated expenses. In terms of prerequisites for success in implementing GT, the overwhelming majority of respondents agreed that two elements are essential. The first is GT education for all those (managers, supervisors and line personnel) who are affected by the changes that acpany GT39。s introduction. The second critical factor is top management39。s mitment to GT principles and support for the personn