【正文】 人沒有能力購買產(chǎn)品而損害經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。如果社會產(chǎn)生的財(cái)富能夠共享 ,中國市場的內(nèi)需將增加 ,中國就沒有必要依賴出口來維持經(jīng)濟(jì)。這是維護(hù)中國的國家主權(quán)的重要因素。 ? The second question of value is how to treat intellectual property: books, music, puter programs, and mechanical inventions. If this property is treated as entirely social, then inventors have no incentive to share their ideas with others. If intellectual property is treated as entirely individual, there is no recognition of the fact that ideas emerge from a social background, not simply from private individuals. This gives too much reward to a person such as Bill Gates of Microsoft. If China decides that most value is created socially, it will have to fight for it in the World Trade Organization, which currently defends the principle that the value of intellectual property is produced mostly by individuals. ? 第二是如何看待知識產(chǎn)權(quán) :書籍、音樂、計(jì)算機(jī)程序和機(jī)械發(fā)明。如果這種財(cái)產(chǎn)被完全看作是社會的 ,發(fā)明人就沒有理由將其思想拿出來與他人共享 。如果知識產(chǎn)權(quán)被完全看作是個(gè)人的 ,就沒有承認(rèn)這樣的事實(shí) ,即思想是在社會的背景中產(chǎn)生的 ,不完全屬個(gè)人。這樣就給予某些個(gè)人 ,如微軟公司的比爾 蓋茨太多的回報(bào)。如果中國認(rèn)為大部分的價(jià)值是社會產(chǎn)生的 ,它就不得不在 WTO中去力爭 ,因?yàn)槟壳?WTO認(rèn)為 ,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)基本上是由個(gè)人所產(chǎn)生的。 ? Value that is produced socially cannot be traced to a simple location. That value logically belongs to the people of an entire country, or even the entire world. Within China, the differential productivity of people in Tianjin, Shanghai, and the GuangzhouShenzhen region is not due to their individual differences but to locations that enable those cities to capture value created throughout the entire country. At present, the major cities along the coast are absorbing much of the social surplus, but they do not deserve it. ? 社會所產(chǎn)生的價(jià)值無法簡單地追蹤到某個(gè)具體的地點(diǎn) ,那個(gè)價(jià)值在邏輯上是屬于整個(gè)國家的人民的。在中國內(nèi)部 ,天津、上海、廣州、深圳地區(qū)人民的生產(chǎn)力區(qū)別不完全是因?yàn)樗麄儌€(gè)體上的差別 ,而是因?yàn)榈貐^(qū)使得那些城市能捕獲整個(gè)國家所創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值。目前沿海主要城市正在吸取大部分社會剩余價(jià)值 ,它們本身并不值那么多 . ? The benefits of economic progress should be shared between city and countryside and among all regions and households. This sharing does not need to be the same as it was under Mao Zedong. A postmodern approach balances private and mon rights by allowing all labor value to be retained by households and requiring social value to be taken as taxes. Unlike socialist policies, this will provide an incentive for investment and growth. ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長所帶來的利益應(yīng)該由城市、農(nóng)村、所有地區(qū)、所有家庭來分享 ,這種分享不必與毛澤東時(shí)期相同。后現(xiàn)代主義的方法通過讓全部勞動價(jià)值留于家庭并要求社會價(jià)值按稅上繳來達(dá)到私人和公共權(quán)利的平衡。不同于社會主義政策 ,它將為投資和增長提供刺激。 ? There is some urgency in deciding all of these issues of value. If China simply adopts the modern concept of individual property rights, it will make all of the same mistakes as the Western nations. If, however, China can find a postmodern way of thinking about property rights, it may be able to avoid the pitfalls that have trapped other nations. ? 解決這些價(jià)值問題具有一定的迫切性。如果中國簡單地采用現(xiàn)代的個(gè)體財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)概念 ,她將重復(fù)西方國家同樣的錯(cuò)誤。然而 ,如果中國能夠找到一種財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的后現(xiàn)代思維方式 ,她將能回避其他國家已經(jīng)陷入的泥潭。 Economic Planning ? Planning is a purely modern concept. It is based on the premise that it is possible to manage an economy or society to some extent. Traditional societies functioned on the basis of social habits. They were generally oriented toward the past, rather than the future. There was also an implicit assumption that society functioned like an anism that could heal its own ailments, without the involvement of the state. A postmodern approach to planning can draw on both traditional trust in natural balance and on modern instruments of management. 經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃 ? 計(jì)劃是一個(gè)純粹現(xiàn)代的概念 ,它是基于這樣一個(gè)假設(shè) ,即在某種程度上我們可以管理經(jīng)濟(jì)或社會。傳統(tǒng)社會基于社會習(xí)慣而運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn) ,它是過去導(dǎo)向的 ,而不是未來導(dǎo)向的。這里還存在一個(gè)隱含的假設(shè) ,即社會像一個(gè)有機(jī)體 ,沒有國家干預(yù)也能自動治愈它自身的失調(diào)。后現(xiàn)代主義對計(jì)劃的看法既包括對自然平衡的傳統(tǒng)信賴 ,也接受現(xiàn)代管理的工具性。 ? Western attitudes toward economic planning can be found along a continuum. The two poles of that continuum are 1) libertarianism (no planning) and 2) micromanagement (detailed planning). Although every government actually operates a mixed economy, at some point along the continuum, the only way to understand the choices is by examining the two poles. ? 西方對經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃的態(tài)度是各種各樣的 ,兩種極端的觀點(diǎn)是 :1)自由主義否認(rèn)任何計(jì)劃 ,2)微觀管理主張具體到細(xì)節(jié)的計(jì)劃。盡管每個(gè)政府事實(shí)上都是按照某種“混合的經(jīng)濟(jì)”來運(yùn)作 ,而處于兩種極端的中間狀態(tài) ,但是我們只有通過研究這兩個(gè)極端才能理解我們有哪些選擇。 The first pole represents pure individual freedom, unconstrained by government. I call this pole libertarian. In recent years, there has been a strong movement throughout the world toward an unplanned economy, leaving everything to market forces. It presupposes that existing property rights are equitable and that government need do nothing to prevent extremes of inequality. ? 第一種極端代表純粹的個(gè)人自由 ,完全不受政府控制 ,所以我稱這一極為“自由主義”。最近一些年在全世界范圍內(nèi)有一個(gè)很強(qiáng)的傾向非計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)動 ,一切都讓位于市場力。它預(yù)設(shè) ,現(xiàn)存的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)是基本公正的 ,政府在預(yù)防極端不公正時(shí)什么都不用做。 ? One form of this libertarian view even treats the law as a product of contending individual preferences. The basic principles of libertarian thought are that exchanges are purely private transactions and that any involvement by government constitutes interference. This pole of the continuum tends toward anarchism, the view that the elimination of government would be beneficial. ? 這種自由主義觀點(diǎn)的某一種甚至把法律看作是個(gè)人偏好之間互相競爭的結(jié)果。自由主義思想的基本原理是 ,交換是純粹私人的過程 ,政府的任何介入都將構(gòu)成不必要的干預(yù)。這種極端觀點(diǎn)會導(dǎo)致無政府主義 ,認(rèn)為取消政府的存在將是有益的。 ? The other pole involves detailed control of the economy, using need rather than price as the method of allocating resources. I call this pole socialist. According to socialist thought, detailed management is necessary in order to avoid the inequality that arises in a freemarket setting. This involves a large state bureaucracy to implement the regulation of many areas of the economy. ? 另一個(gè)極端則主張對經(jīng)濟(jì)作具體的控制 ,不是用“價(jià)格”而是用“需要”作為分配資源的方法 ,我稱這種極端觀點(diǎn)為“社會主義”。按照社會主義思想 ,要避免自由市場所產(chǎn)生的不平等 ,詳細(xì)的管理是必要的。這就需要一個(gè)龐大的國家機(jī)構(gòu)來實(shí)施對經(jīng)濟(jì)許多領(lǐng)域的調(diào)節(jié) . ? In practice, achieving that level of control has meant government ownership of large sectors of the economy—particularly banking, energy production, transportation, health care, and heavy industry. In China, it mea