【正文】 金組織各國不能就新的世界貨幣秩序達(dá)成協(xié)議，從事國際貿(mào)易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就有可能變得很大而使一些公司裹足不前。如果國際貨幣基金組織今后不能建立起足夠的國際清償能力儲(chǔ)備，就不會(huì)有足夠的清償能力來支撐住貿(mào)易的增長。Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature , so marx discovered the law of development of human history 。 the simple fact， hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology , that mankind must first of all eat , drink , have shelter and clothing , before it can pursue politics ,science ,art , religion , etc , that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the stare institutions , the legal conceptions , art , and even the ideas on religion , of the people concerned have been evolved , and in the light of which they must , therefore , be explained , instead of vice versa , as had hitherto beed the case . 正像達(dá)爾文發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)界規(guī)律一樣，馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類歷史的發(fā)展規(guī)律，即以前蕪雜的意識形態(tài)所掩蓋著的一個(gè)簡單事實(shí)：人們首先必須吃，喝，住，穿，然后才能從事政治，科學(xué)，藝術(shù)，宗教等活動(dòng)。所以，直接的物質(zhì)的生活資料的生產(chǎn)，因而一個(gè)民族或一個(gè)時(shí)代的一定的以濟(jì)發(fā)展階段，便階段，便構(gòu)成為基礎(chǔ)。人們的國家制度，法律觀點(diǎn)，藝術(shù)以至宗教觀念就是從這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的，因而也必須由這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)來解釋，而不是像過去那樣反道而行之。But that is not all . Marx also discovered the special law of motion govering the presentday capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created . The discovery of surpus value suddenly threw light on the problem , in trying to solve which all previous investigations , of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics , had been groping in the dark . 不僅如此，馬克思還發(fā)現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代資本主義生產(chǎn)方式和它所產(chǎn)生的資產(chǎn)階級社會(huì)的特殊的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律。資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和社會(huì)主義批評家一直在黑暗中摸索探測，企圖加以解決的問題，由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，一下子變得一清二楚了。Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts , insights , findings , and wisdom of the human race . Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them . Through careful observations of these relationships ,. They began to know nature and , because of nature’s dependability , found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings. 科學(xué)是關(guān)于自然的知識總體，它代表了人類的共同努力，洞察力，研究成果和智慧，科學(xué)并不是什么新的東西，在有文字記載的歷史以前，當(dāng)人們最發(fā)現(xiàn)了在他們周圍反復(fù)出現(xiàn)得各種關(guān)系時(shí)，就有了科學(xué)的開端。通過對這些關(guān)系的仔細(xì)觀察，人們開始了解了自然，而由于自然的可靠性，人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)他們能夠作出預(yù)測，從而有可能在某種程度上控制他們的周圍環(huán)境。Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature –when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas . Where people once tried to influence natural events with magic and supernatural forces , they now had science to guide them . Advance was slow , however , because of the powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas . 科學(xué)在十六世紀(jì)取得了最偉大的進(jìn)展，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)人們開始提出了有關(guān)自然的可以回答的問題，開始對秩序的系統(tǒng)研究代替了迷信。而且除了運(yùn)用邏輯外，　還運(yùn)用實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)各種觀點(diǎn)。以前人們曾試圖用巫術(shù)和超自然的力量來影響自然事件，而現(xiàn)在有了科學(xué)來指導(dǎo)他們，然而由于對科學(xué)方法和科學(xué)思想的強(qiáng)有力的反對，進(jìn)展是緩慢的。The greatest of all the acplishments of twentiethcentury science has been the discovery of human ignorance . W e live , as never before , in puzzlement about nature ,the universe , and ourselves most of all . It is a new experience for the species . A century ago , after the turbulence caused by Darwin and Wallace had subsided and the central idea of natural selection had been grasped and accepted , we thought we knew everything essntial about evolution . I n the eighteenth century there were no huge puzzles。 human reason was all you needed in order to figure out the universe . And for most of the earlier centuries , the church provided both the questions and the answers , neatly packaged . Now , for the first time in human history , we are catching glimpses of our inprehension . Wecan still make up stories to explain the world, as we always have , but now the stories have to be confirmed and reconfirmed by experiment . This is the scientific method , and once started on this line we cannot turn back . We are obliged to grow up in skepticism , requiring proofs for every assertion about nature , and there is no war out except to move ahead and plug away , hoping for prehension in the future but living in a condition of intellectual instability for the long time . 二十一世紀(jì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域迄今取得的最大成就是發(fā)現(xiàn)人類蒙昧無知。我們對自然、宇宙、尤其對我們自身，從來沒有象現(xiàn)在這樣感到困惑不解。這是人類一種新的感受。一百年前，在達(dá)爾文和華來士引起的轟動(dòng)平靜下來，人們理解并接受了自然選擇的基本觀點(diǎn)之后，我們以為對進(jìn)化論的實(shí)質(zhì)問題全都一清二楚了。十八世紀(jì)不存在重大的難解之迷。當(dāng)時(shí)欲知宇宙奧秘，只需借助人的理性就行了。 在此以前的若干世紀(jì)里，多數(shù)時(shí)候由教會(huì)提出問題同時(shí)提出答案，近乎包辦一切。如今，在人類歷史上我們第一次覺察到了自己的無知。我們可以一如既往依舊想出種種說法來解釋世界，但現(xiàn)在這些說法必須通過實(shí)驗(yàn)加以證實(shí)、再證實(shí)。這是科學(xué)方法。一旦開始按照這種方法去做，我們就不能走回頭路了。我們只能始終帶著懷疑的目光，對關(guān)于自然的每一個(gè)論斷都要求拿出證據(jù)來。除了行動(dòng)起來，埋頭探索，沒有其他辦法。我們希望將來能夠找到答案，但在此之前的這段漫長歲月里，我們只好處于一種謹(jǐn)慎非謹(jǐn)慎、一知半解的狀態(tài)。Transistors can be made with other materials . They are less costly , and produce less heat . But they also permit less electricity to pass through . These other transistors are made with what is called amorphous silicon . This material is not as pure as silicon crystals . It has tiny spaces between the atoms that limit the flow of electrical current .半導(dǎo)體管也可以用其他的材料制成，產(chǎn)熱少，不過可以通過的電流少。這種半導(dǎo)體管是由所謂的非晶體硅制造的。這種材料沒有硅晶體那樣純，原子之間的空隙也小，因而限制了電流的流動(dòng)。The American panyEnergy Conversion Devices of Detroitsaid it found ways to treat amorphous materials physically and chemically . These treatments sharply reduce the number of defects that block the flow of current . The pany said it then was able to produce amorphous transistors that carry onehundred times more electrical current than was possible before . 這家美國公司－底特律能源轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備公司說，他們找到了用物理和化學(xué)方法處理非晶體材料的辦法，這些處理方法大大減少了材料中阻擋電流流動(dòng)的諸多缺陷。這家公司說，他們因此能夠制造出非晶體半導(dǎo)體管，其傳輸?shù)碾娏鳛檫^去所能傳輸?shù)碾娏鞯?00倍。Company scientists say their amorphous transistors are just as fast as silicon crystal transistors . But they cost much less to make . They produce much less heat . And thin layers , or films of amorphous silicon can be made in any size . This means it can be used to make electrical circuits or system as large as needed 公司的科研人員說，他們的非晶體半導(dǎo)體管與硅晶體半導(dǎo)體管電流速度一樣快，但是造價(jià)卻低的很多，產(chǎn)生的熱量也大為減少。同時(shí)，非晶體硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸，這意味著它可用于無論多大的電路或系統(tǒng)。Experts says they now know that offorts to save species will be u