【正文】 ng) as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was (were) spring today.He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語多用 should +動(dòng)詞原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest) he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.以whatever, whoever, no matter what這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí), 謂語多用may加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成):Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管發(fā)生什么情況, 我們都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail。 be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承認(rèn)他年老體衰, 然而盡管如此, 它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.條件句虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類:表示現(xiàn)在及將來情況(表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況):謂語主要形式如下(be多用were這個(gè)形式):從句主句過去式would + 動(dòng)詞原形If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.表示過去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況), 謂語主要形式如下:從句主句had + 過去分詞would have + 過去分詞She would have e if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake,You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.有時(shí)候, 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作, 發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的(如一個(gè)是過去發(fā)生的, 一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的). 這時(shí), 動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整. 這種句子可以稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示, 而是通過一個(gè)介詞短語來表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.如果條件句從句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有時(shí)可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主語前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do?Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ 介詞合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞合成介詞: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without復(fù)雜介詞: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等介詞在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?名詞加介詞 ( n + prep)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight動(dòng)詞加介詞Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch uponVt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等Vi + adv + prep:I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story. You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.Vt + O + adv +prep:You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.形容詞加介詞about anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etcat awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etcfor convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etcfrom evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etcin deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etcof apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etcon dependent, keen, intent, etcto acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, parable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etcwith awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etcⅤ 連詞并列連詞表示意義的引申: and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, and …as well, neither…nor表示選擇: or, either…or表示轉(zhuǎn)折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence從屬連詞表示時(shí)間: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that表示條件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that),表示其他關(guān)系: (al)though, than, as/so…as, lest, in order that, so…thatⅥ 定語從句限制和非限制性定語從句: 限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個(gè)組成部分, 去掉了會(huì)造成病句或意義不明確。 非限制性定語從句屬于補(bǔ)充說明性質(zhì), 去掉了不會(huì)影響主要意義, 通常用逗號與它的先行詞分開.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞, 或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my, his, etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this, that, etc)作限定詞, 其后的定語從句通常都是非限制性的:Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定語從句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that, who, whom: 非限制性定語從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時(shí)用that (作主語時(shí)用who較多). 如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語, 就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語中可用who代替whom.Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介詞后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時(shí)可用that, 但省略時(shí)更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person (that) he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.限制性定語從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多, 也有時(shí)用