【正文】 sh. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。 ②“未完成”用法 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始，一直持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，還可能再持續(xù)下去。 Up to that time all had gone well. 直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage. 約翰和簡在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長時(shí)間了。 She said she had made much progress since she came here. 她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。 ③“想象性”用法 過去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。 If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded. 要是她努力的話，她就會(huì)成功了。（事實(shí)上她沒努力，也沒成功。） I wish I had gone with you to the concert. 我要是和你一起去音樂會(huì)就好了。 The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years. 那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來就像是多年的老朋友。 ④表示“剛剛……就……” 過去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。提示： intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以用來表示一個(gè)本來打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to e, but something happened. 我原本打算來的，但有事發(fā)生了。 I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本打算去看你的，但沒能去成。 They had wanted to help but couldn39。t get here in time. 他們?cè)霂兔Φ?，但沒能及時(shí)趕到這里。3．過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較 一般過去時(shí)表示過去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過去更過去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書。 He didn39。t know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons. 他對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)樗麤]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 我在車站等了20分鐘車才來。 C．將來完成時(shí) 1．將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成是由“shall/ will + have +過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就會(huì)全然忘記這件事的。 He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)有身份的人了，他可能不會(huì)記得老同學(xué)了。 Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下個(gè)月你認(rèn)識(shí)凱文該有10年了吧？ ①表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。 Will you soon have finished laying the table? 你會(huì)很快擺放好餐桌嗎？ 注意： 在時(shí)間狀語從句中，不用將來完成時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來代替。 When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do. 等我做完這件事時(shí)，我就做完我該做的所有的事了。 Please don39。t get off the bus until it has stopped. 請(qǐng)待車停穩(wěn)了再下車。 ②表示推測(cè) You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已經(jīng)聽說過這件事了。 I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了這個(gè)信息。 四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)合，包括現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 A. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。 He is ill. He39。s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，已經(jīng)臥床3個(gè)星期了。 Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你眼睛紅了。你剛剛哭過了嗎？ What have you been doing all this time? 這半天你干什么來著？ 2．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語連用。 I have been reading Hemingway39。s Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。 She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整個(gè)上午都在背單詞。 This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 這是我從小以來就一直期待著的事情。 ②表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束 My clothes are all wet. I39。ve been working in the rain. 我的衣服全濕了，我剛才一直在雨中干活。 He is dead drunk. He39。s been drinking with his friends. 他爛醉如泥，他剛才一直在和朋友們喝酒。 ③表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)、重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 You39。ve been saying that for five years. 這話你已經(jīng)說了五年了。 He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher. 自從任教以來，他一直在為報(bào)刊雜志撰稿。 ④表達(dá)較重的感情色彩 What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了！ Time has been flying so quickly! 時(shí)間過得可真快?。? Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是個(gè)多事的日子。 3． 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較 ①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他見面嗎？ Have you met him recently? 你最近見到過他嗎？ ②現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（可能表示不滿） I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（說明一個(gè)事實(shí)） ③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。 Who has been eating the oranges? 誰一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些） Who has eaten the oranges? 誰把桔子吃光了？（強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩） B. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“had been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考試之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧？ Rafael was scolded even though he hadn39。t been doing anything wrong. 盡管拉斐爾沒做什么錯(cuò)事，但他還是挨罵了。①表示過去某一時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間。和過去完成時(shí)一樣，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也必須以一過去時(shí)間為前提。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 這東西我找了好多天才找著的。 They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他們只等了一會(huì)兒車就來了。 ②表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作 He had been mentioning your name to me. 他過去多次向我提到過你的名字。 You had been giving me everything. 你對(duì)我真是有求必應(yīng)。 ③過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還常用于間接引語中（詳見第12章） The doctor asked what he had been eating. 醫(yī)生問他吃了什么。 I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我問他們那些天是待在哪兒的。 ④過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我剛看了幾分鐘他就進(jìn)來了。 She39。d only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她溫習(xí)功課才一會(huì)兒，她妹妹就打斷她了。 3．過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的比較 She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy. 她已經(jīng)打掃過辦公室了，所以很整潔。（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside. 她一直在打掃辦公室，所以我們不得不在外面等著。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行）第二章 被動(dòng)語態(tài)（一） 第二章 被動(dòng)語態(tài)（一） 語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)(active voice) 和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者。 一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示。助動(dòng)詞be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。 A. 十種常見時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：do 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：amisare done We clean the classroom every day. 我們每天打掃教室。 The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我們打掃。 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。 Rus