【正文】 ubjects for thought”giving rise to 給出，產(chǎn)生，帶來new standards of elegance 新的完美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考譯文：同過去一樣，（將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/新的思維方式和新的思維對象將來必然會出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生一個新的完美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。得分重點：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，方式狀語從句，省略結(jié)構(gòu)1997年Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, groundclearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn39。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don39。t like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. (74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “l(fā)ogical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others39。 interests against one39。s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind39。s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.精美譯文：動物有權(quán)力嗎?問題通常就是這樣提出的。這種提法聽起來似乎有助于把問題講清楚。（71）事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有一種共識為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共識并不存在?！　≌\然，根據(jù)對權(quán)利的一種看法，必然認(rèn)為，這只是一種認(rèn)識，而且是一種有爭議的認(rèn)識。這種認(rèn)識不僅剝奪了動物的權(quán)利，而且也剝奪了某些人的權(quán)利，例如嬰兒，他們是不會用腦力來思考問題的未來一代人。此外，誰也不清楚，對于從來就不同意契約的人來說，這項契約又有多少約束力，因為有人要是說“我不喜歡這項契約”，那你又如何作答呢?　　問題的癥結(jié)是，如果人們對人的權(quán)利沒有一致的看法，那么爭論動物的權(quán)利是徒勞無益的?（73）這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。這是一處錯誤的選擇。最好換一種更為根本性的提法:我們對待動物的同情感用到關(guān)心動物的身上。　　許多人否認(rèn)這種提法。（74）這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。任何關(guān)心動物疾苦的想法都是錯誤的，因為它把應(yīng)該用來關(guān)心其他人的同情感用到關(guān)心動物的身上。 這種觀點認(rèn)為，折磨猴子從道義上講無異于劈柴。這種看法似乎是大膽的“邏輯推理”。實際上，這種看法是非常膚淺的，因為它邏輯混亂，所以應(yīng)該摒棄。道德推理的最初級形式，和學(xué)習(xí)爬行的論理一樣，是針對自身利益去權(quán)衡他人利益。這就需要同情心和將心比心的想像力，沒有這兩點就無法用道德觀念來進(jìn)行思考?？吹絼游锸芸嘧阋允勾蠖鄶?shù)人產(chǎn)生同情感。（75）這種反應(yīng)并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應(yīng)該得到鼓勵，而不應(yīng)遭到嘲笑。題目解析：71) Actually, it isn39。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71) 狀語結(jié)構(gòu)Actually, // 主句it // isn39。t, // 原因狀語從句because // it // assumes // 賓語從句that there // is // an agreed account of / human rights, // 定語從句which // is // something // 定語從句（省略that）the world // does not have.詞義推敲：it isn’t ＝ It isn’t a useful, groundclearing way to “事實并非如此”也能得分。it主語代詞，根據(jù)上下文意思這種問法，這種說法。because it assumesit 指代“這種問題”，是第二次提及，所以可以譯作“它”。assume：to take for granted。 suppose 想當(dāng)然；以為an agreed account of human rights：對于人權(quán)的約定的看法，共同的認(rèn)識human rights 人的權(quán)利，人權(quán)account：careful thought 仔細(xì)考慮which 指代“agreed account”參考譯文：事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識并不存在。這種問法不恰當(dāng)，因為這種問法假設(shè)人們對人權(quán)有共同的認(rèn)識，這種共同的認(rèn)識是（世界上）沒有的。得分重點：原因狀語從句，賓語從句，省略結(jié)構(gòu)72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72) 主句Some philosophers // argue // 賓語從句that rights // exist // only within a social contract, // 介詞短語作非限制性定語as // part of / an exchange of / duties and entitlements.詞義推敲：argue：to attempt to prove by reasoning。 maintain or contend 堅持，主張列舉證明極力列舉理由以證明；堅持或主張social contract 社會契約contract：an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 合同，契約兩個或兩個以上當(dāng)事人之間達(dá)成的一種協(xié)議，尤指具有法律效力的書面協(xié)議as part of 作為(是)……的一部分exchange：to give in return for something received。 trade 交換，交易給…以作為收到某物的回報；貿(mào)易duties and entitlements：權(quán)利和義務(wù)entitle：to furnish with a right or claim to something 給…權(quán)利或給…資格參考譯文：有些哲學(xué)家論證說，（權(quán)利只存在社會契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分/權(quán)利作為責(zé)任與權(quán)益相交換的一部分只存在于社會契約當(dāng)中）。得分重點：賓語從句 ，as的用法， 多重后置定語73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73) 簡單句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)at the outset: // 復(fù)合句it // invites you to // think // 賓語從句that animals // 被動結(jié)構(gòu)should be treated // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 either 介詞短語作方式狀語with the consideration // 定語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)（that）humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or // 介詞短語作方式狀語 with no consideration at all.詞義推敲：it 指代“the point”（這種觀點，這種說法）。lead：to guide or direct in a course 導(dǎo)引在一方向牽引或指extreme：極端at the outset 從一開始 ＝ at the start / beginninginvites you to think 使人們認(rèn)為invite：to tend to bring on。 provoke 引起；招致that animals sh