【正文】 ught 新的思維對象must：必然，必定as they have in the past：就像過去一樣they：指代“new forms of thought”和“new subjects for thought”giving rise to 給出，產(chǎn)生，帶來new standards of elegance 新的完美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考譯文：同過去一樣，（將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/新的思維方式和新的思維對象將來必然會出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生一個新的完美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。（71）事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有一種共識為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共識并不存在。任何關(guān)心動物疾苦的想法都是錯誤的，因?yàn)樗褢?yīng)該用來關(guān)心其他人的同情感用到關(guān)心動物的身上。道德推理的最初級形式，和學(xué)習(xí)爬行的論理一樣，是針對自身利益去權(quán)衡他人利益。it主語代詞，根據(jù)上下文意思這種問法，這種說法。得分重點(diǎn)：賓語從句 ，as的用法， 多重后置定語73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73) 簡單句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)at the outset: // 復(fù)合句it // invites you to // think // 賓語從句that animals // 被動結(jié)構(gòu)should be treated // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 either 介詞短語作方式狀語with the consideration // 定語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)（that）humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or // 介詞短語作方式狀語 with no consideration at all.詞義推敲：it 指代“the point”（這種觀點(diǎn)，這種說法）。 maintain or contend 堅持，主張列舉證明極力列舉理由以證明；堅持或主張social contract 社會契約contract：an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 合同，契約兩個或兩個以上當(dāng)事人之間達(dá)成的一種協(xié)議，尤指具有法律效力的書面協(xié)議as part of 作為(是)……的一部分exchange：to give in return for something received。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71) 狀語結(jié)構(gòu)Actually, // 主句it // isn39。這種看法似乎是大膽的“邏輯推理”。　　許多人否認(rèn)這種提法。s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.精美譯文：動物有權(quán)力嗎?問題通常就是這樣提出的。 captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或誘惑的力量；有魅力的delightful：greatly pleasing 令人高興的，使人愉快的aspects 原義是方面，聯(lián)系上下文譯成“課題/問題”參考譯文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無法解決世界上某些更加（引人入勝/吸引人、令人高興）的課題的。mostly effectively done：有效解決。（75）同過去一樣，將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（73）給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這個問題。（71）在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求。measure：測量, 測度, 估量, 分派, 權(quán)衡, 調(diào)節(jié) be most precisely defined：很精確界定。validate：to establish the soundness of。有時這些測試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過去一直沒有被承認(rèn)。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測也總是會有錯誤的。得分重點(diǎn)：主語從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句，被動結(jié)構(gòu)1995年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with illinformed or inpetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always inplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning parative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting parable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not pensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.精美譯文：　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員。 s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74) 主句 專有名詞Galileo39。like：such as參考譯文：新學(xué)派科學(xué)家們說，科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展，與其說是因?yàn)樘觳艂ト说恼嬷埔?，不如說是因?yàn)橄窀倪M(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。題目解析：(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：賓語從句的主句Science // moves forward, // 主句 插入結(jié)構(gòu)they say, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 not so much 原因狀語結(jié)構(gòu)through // 多重定語the insights / of great men / of genius // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 as 原因狀語結(jié)構(gòu)because of // more ordinary things // 舉例like / improved techniques and tool.詞義推敲：move forward：向前發(fā)展。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭辯說，像伽利略、牛頓、麥克斯威爾、愛因斯坦這樣的科學(xué)大師和像愛迪生這樣的發(fā)明家十分重視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中能使用的各種不同的工藝信息和技術(shù)裝置并從中受益匪淺。 s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo39。了精心創(chuàng)立的太空體系把地球置于所有天體運(yùn)動的中心。through因?yàn)榧记桑簄ot so much... as是個并列結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說so和as后面應(yīng)該兩個詞的意思應(yīng)該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應(yīng)該等于because of因?yàn)?，由于?mainly 大部分地；主要地the improvement and invention and use of / a series of