【導(dǎo)讀】腔室火中轟燃的模。airvelocity：；較少用airspeed空氣速度。森林撲火指揮決策。exterior,adj.&n.≈external外部(的),外在(的),表面(的). 火災(zāi)和煙氣控制：。Fuel，Heat，Oxygen:熱、燃料、氧。Heatofbustion:燃燒熱著火燃燒。heatreleaserate:熱釋放速率，釋熱速率。induced：adj.誘導(dǎo)的,引起的,導(dǎo)致的。interactionamong:兩者以上個(gè)體之間的相互作用。(的)/室內(nèi)消防栓。longterm，shortterm長期的/短期的。numericalmodeling：數(shù)值模擬/建模

　　

【正文】 asurements. Different pine needles beds and different loads are considered in order to validate the formulation. Comparison between predicted and observed rate of spread is presented for several wind and slope configurations. （ 25 分）科學(xué)論文的 ABSTRACT 基本上包括以下幾個(gè)部分： 6) 研究工作的背景 Background 7) 研究目的 Aim （通常為主題句） 8) 研究方法 Method 9) 研究的結(jié)果 Results 10) 結(jié)論 Conclusion 下面這篇論文是關(guān)于封閉空間火災(zāi)中煙氣層分界面高度的確定方法研究。 4) 在理解的基礎(chǔ)上翻譯本文的 Title 和Abstract，注意把握 ABC 準(zhǔn)則。（ 10 分） 5) 直 接在考卷上指明本文的 Abstract 中，對應(yīng)以上 5個(gè)部分的句子（ 5分） 6) 指出本篇 Abstract 中的主題句，并用 2種方式（包括主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)）改寫主題句。（ 6 分） Two methods are proposed in this paper for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles（輪廓） measured in enclosure fires. a) The paper proposed two methods for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles measured in enclosure fires. b) The smoke layer interface height can be determinded from parameter profiles （輪廓） measured in enclosure fires by two methods proposed in this paper. 7) 用 2 種方式改 寫如下劃線所示的結(jié)尾句（參見課題筆記）（ 4 分） Good agreement exists between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results, showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice. a) The interface height predicted by the 12 proposed method agreed well with the experiment results, showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice. b) The good agreement between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results showed that the method can be reliably utilized in practice. Determination of Interface Height from Measured Parameter Profile in Enclosure Fires 從封閉空間火災(zāi)中的輪廓測量確定煙氣層分界面高度 Yaping He, Anthony Fernando and Mingchun Luo Centre for Environment Safety Engineering, Victoria University of Technology, Australia Accurate determination of smoke layer interface height plays an important role in the development of advanced smoke controll technology for enclosure fire（封閉空間火災(zāi)） . Two methods are proposed in this paper for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles（輪廓） measured in enclosure fires. The schemes（方案） are based on mathematical considerations of uniformity and optimization, and involve no subjectivity or empiricism. The dependence of the zone average of the measured quantities on the interface height is discussed. The application of these two methods to a set of experimental data revealed that the two methods gave close results of the interface height but different to that determined with the Npercentage rule（ N百分比準(zhǔn)則） . Good agreement exists between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results, showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice. [結(jié)尾句 ] 準(zhǔn)確確定煙氣層分界面高度在封閉空間火災(zāi)煙氣控制技術(shù)發(fā)展中具有重要重要作用。這篇論文提出了兩種基于封閉空間中參數(shù)輪廓測量來確定煙氣層分界面高度的方法。實(shí)驗(yàn)方案根據(jù)一致性和優(yōu)化性進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)處理，并且不涉及主觀性和經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義。 文章中討論了測定量的區(qū)域平均對界面高度的依賴性。應(yīng)用這兩種方法對一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理的結(jié)果揭示了兩種方法給出了相似的界面高度結(jié)果，但是不同與用 N 百分比準(zhǔn)則處理的結(jié)果。 用文章中所提出的處理方法得出的界面高度的結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的之間的一致性說明了這種方法在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中的可靠性。 5.（ 25 分）以下這篇論文發(fā)表在 Fire Safety Journal 上面，是關(guān)于轟燃的發(fā)展理論研究。 1) 在理解的基礎(chǔ)上，提取 3個(gè) Keywords。（ 10分） flashover, formulae, model, hot smoke layer 2) 根據(jù) Introduction 中的上下文意思，用英文總結(jié)性回答（鼓勵(lì)自我組織語言進(jìn)行英文表述） : (a) 論文的背景是什么？（ Background）（ 3 分） (b) 以往的工作存在著什么問題或不足？（ Literature）（ 3分） (c)這 項(xiàng) 研 究 的 動(dòng) 機(jī) 是 什 么 ？（ Motivation）（ 3分） There is still the need for a more detailed consideration of flashover phenomena, including formulation of critical conditions for flashover in a more general form and investigation of its temporal characteristics（時(shí)態(tài)特征） . The other important issue is how to place the quasistationary（類似的） approach accepted for flashover study 3,4 in the context of the full fire scenario. (d)研究目的是什么？（ Aim）（ 3分） developing a theoretical method of characterizing flashover on the basis of a twozone model and classical thermal explosion theory. (e) 擬采用什么研究方法 ?（ Method）（ 3分） 13 Theoretical modeling with parison with experiments is used。 On the Theory of Flashover Development 轟燃發(fā)展的理論 T. L. Graham, G. M. Makhviladze and J. P. Roberts Centre for Research in Fire and Explosion Studies, Department of Built Environment, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK ABSTRACT The importance of flashover results from the fact that it is of great danger when a partment fire occurs. In this paper, the characteristics of hot smoke layer development from ignition to flashover are obtained for a fire in a partment with one opening. Flashover itself as a final stage of development is analysed using heat balance considerations for the developed hot layer (in direct contact with the external atmosphere through the opening) on the basis of a twozone model and classical thermal explosion theory. Flashover is reasonably assumed to take place during the early development of the fire when the density and temperature of the lower zone may be taken to be close to their initial values. Critical conditions for flashover to occur are found in a general form in terms of （根據(jù)） the determining similarity criteria. The adiabatic（絕熱的） flashover induction period （誘導(dǎo)期） in the absence of （沒有）heat losses, which is a useful qualitative and quantitative characteristic, is given. Calculation of the flashover induction time allows for an evaluation of the total time for fire growth from ignition to flashover. The results obtained give simple but general enough formulae for representation of the flashover phenomenon. 轟燃的重要性是由于在腔室火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)它的巨大的危險(xiǎn)性。這篇論文描述了一端開口的腔室中的火災(zāi)從著火到轟燃發(fā)生過程 中熱煙氣層的發(fā)展特征。用熱平衡理論對轟燃自身作為一個(gè)火災(zāi)發(fā)展的最終階段進(jìn)行了分析。這種熱平衡理論基于兩區(qū)域模型和經(jīng)典的熱爆炸理論。在火災(zāi)的早期發(fā)展階段，當(dāng)較低區(qū)域的密度和溫度接近于其起初值時(shí)，轟然就可能會(huì)發(fā)生。轟燃發(fā)生的臨界條件被發(fā)現(xiàn)是根據(jù)所決定的相似性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而定的一種常見的形式。給出了沒有熱損失條件下的絕熱的轟燃誘導(dǎo)期，這種條件是一個(gè)有用的定性和定量的特征。轟燃誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間的計(jì)算涉及到火災(zāi)從著火到轟燃的發(fā)展時(shí)間