【正文】 n two entities that we think should be related ? What causes this effect? ? Memory for vivid events 105 Illusory thinking ? Illusion of control ? Tendency to ignore phenomena like regression to the mean and to assume that we have a greater impact on outes than we do ? Tutors frequently believe they improve performance when actually there was no where to go but up! ? Gambler?s Fallacy 106 Mood and judgment ? Affect infusion model (Fas, 1995) ? The effects of mood tend to be exacerbated in plex situations that demand substantial cognitive processing 107 SELFFULFILLING BELIEFS 108 Perceiver expectations ? How we expect others to behave can influence our actual perceptions of them. ? Confirmation Bias: Our tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs. 109 Expectations amp。 Attributions 110 The selffulfilling prophecy ?The process by which one?s expectations about a person lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. 111 The selffulfilling prophecy ? A 3 step process 1. The perceiver has an initial impression of someone. 1. The perceiver behaves toward the target person in a manner that is consistent with their impression. 1. The target person adjusts their behavior to fit our expectation, which confirms the perceiver’s impression of the person. 112 113 The selffulfilling prophecy ? Rosenthal amp。 Jacobson (1968). Teacher expectations and student performance ? 20% of the students were randomly described as being “bloomers” to the teachers (“students who should be expected to show sizeable IQ gains over the school yr”). IQ Points Gained “ Bloomers” NonBloomers 10 80% 47% 20 47% 19% 30 22% 4% 114 The selffulfilling prophecy ? Snyder, Tanke amp。 Berscheid (1977). Getting from others what we expect. ? Participants were male and female students (51 of each) ? Participants provided some information about themselves and were led to separate rooms where they would engage in telephone conversations with each other. ? All participants were told that a folder containing such information would be given to the other partner in order to help get the conversation underway. ? Each male participant was given a picture of (what they believed to be) the female partner within the folder. Male participants also their photo taken and were told (falsely) that this would be given to the female partner. ? Some of the photos were of females who had been judged by a separate group of males to be very attractive and some of the photos had been judged to be very unattractive. ? Before the conversation began, each male rated their female partner in terms of 27 trait terms (. friendliness, enthusiasm, trustworthiness). ? The male and female partners then engaged in a ten minute conversation. ? Afterwards, males again rated their female partners in terms of the trait terms. Females rated themselves on the same dimensions, how fortable they felt during the conversation, how physically attractive they believed their conversation partners believed them to be, and how much they thought their conversation partners treated them in the way that males typically do. ? Independent judges listened to the taperecorded conversations (either only the female voices or only the male voices for level of animation and enthusiasm, intimacy of the conversation and how personal conversations were. 115 The selffulfilling prophecy ? Snyder, Tanke amp。 Berscheid (1977) (cont.) ? Results ? Males judged … ?attractive? conversation partners to be relatively friendly, socially skilled, poised and humorous … ?unattractive? conversation partners to be relatively unfriendly, socially inept, awkward and serious ? Judges judged conversations of the male participants who thought that they were talking to very attractive women to be more sociable, sexually warm, bold, humorous, confident and animated than they did the conversations to those males who thought that they were talking with ?unattractive? women. ? Judges also rated the supposed attractive women as more poised, sexually warm, animated and sociable than they did the ?unattractive? women. ? (Incorrect) initial impressions → differences in males ? behaviour → differences in females? behaviour 116 Remended reading list ? Fas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 3966. ? Guenther, C. L., amp。 Alicke, M. D. (2022). Selfenhancement and belief perseverance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 706712. ? Rosenthal, R. (2022). Covert munications in laboratories, classrooms and the truly real world. Psychological Science, 12, 151155. ? Uleman, J. S., Saribay, S. A., amp。 Gonzalez, C. (2022). Spontaneous inferences, implicit impressions, and implicit theories. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 329360.