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長(zhǎng)石、角閃石及少量黑云母等組成,裂隙很發(fā)育,巖芯呈碎塊狀, 錘擊易碎,屬 Ⅳ 級(jí)軟石, A 組填 料 。 閃長(zhǎng) 巖:弱風(fēng)化,灰白色, 中 粒結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造,巖質(zhì)新鮮,成分以長(zhǎng)石、石英、 角閃石 為主,巖體裂隙較發(fā)育 , 巖芯呈柱狀,錘擊聲較脆,較 難 碎, 巖體完整程度為較破碎, 屬 Ⅴ 級(jí)次堅(jiān)石 , A 組填料 。 ???KN 40 : ( 1)施工期限,根據(jù)指導(dǎo)性施工組織安排本隧道施工的總期限。 ( 2)設(shè)計(jì)和施工規(guī)范及有關(guān)技術(shù)原則。 ( 3)初步設(shè)計(jì)(擴(kuò)大 初步設(shè)計(jì))或技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)以及施工調(diào)查資料。 ( 4)概算定額或統(tǒng)計(jì)分析資料。 施工準(zhǔn)備工作應(yīng)根據(jù)調(diào)查資料,對(duì)洞外相鄰工程、既有建筑及其他設(shè)施的拆遷作出施工安排;研究和分析施工地段交通運(yùn)輸條件的利用程度,并對(duì)擬建施工運(yùn)輸?shù)缆纷鞒霰冗x方案;根據(jù)洞口可供施工場(chǎng)地布置的條件提出分期用地、材料供應(yīng)、供水和節(jié)約能源等方案;對(duì)施工中和運(yùn)營(yíng)后周圍環(huán)境的影響(污水、廢氣、噪聲等)提出必要的防治措施。 同時(shí)應(yīng)考慮修建臨時(shí)運(yùn)輸便道、輕型軌道,臨時(shí)房屋、臨時(shí)通信、給水、照明、附屬企業(yè)、料庫(kù)以及施工場(chǎng)地平整,材料機(jī) 具配備運(yùn)送,洞外天溝、側(cè)溝及場(chǎng)地排水,改移道路及拆遷建筑物等的工程數(shù)量及需要時(shí)間,這些工作可與洞外土石方同步進(jìn)行,在進(jìn)洞前應(yīng)先對(duì)洞口工程作出安排;凡對(duì)隧道出渣有干擾的橋涵(含泄水洞)要先安排施工。 : 隧道施工方法應(yīng)根據(jù)工程地質(zhì)和水文地質(zhì)資料、開挖斷面的大小、襯砌類型、隧道長(zhǎng)度、工期要求等綜合因素研究確定。對(duì)地質(zhì)條件變化較大的隧道,選用的施工方法,應(yīng)有較大的適應(yīng)性,當(dāng)需要變更施工方法時(shí),以較少影響施工進(jìn)度為原則,一般不宜考慮多種施工方法,但應(yīng)考慮對(duì)某些地層變化情況 所采用相應(yīng)的輔助施工方法。 隧道采用鉆爆法施工,一般選用全斷面法,臺(tái)階法和導(dǎo)坑法,但應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用全斷面及臺(tái)階法,應(yīng)盡量減少對(duì)地層的多次擾動(dòng)和破壞。 本隧道施工方法為上導(dǎo)坑法開挖,噴錨施工支護(hù)。 : 41 洞口開挖前應(yīng)作好天溝等防排水設(shè)施,再進(jìn)行開挖邊、仰坡,盡早修建洞門,以策安全。施工時(shí)應(yīng)逐段核實(shí)圍巖類別,取樣化驗(yàn)地下水,若設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)際不符,應(yīng)及時(shí)提出,以便處理。 洞口圍巖巖性較差,所以襯砌應(yīng)緊跟開挖,遵循“短開挖、弱爆破、強(qiáng)支護(hù)、早襯砌”的原則。(詳見《鐵路隧道設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)手冊(cè)》) 2 洞身開挖: 洞身采用 新奧法施工,采用上導(dǎo)坑法,由頂設(shè)上導(dǎo)坑引進(jìn)依次擴(kuò)大,灌注拱圈,在拱圈掩護(hù)下進(jìn)行下部后續(xù)工序,拱部采用扇形支撐,擴(kuò)大開挖斷面分塊較小,做到隨挖隨撐,底部拉槽分塊進(jìn)行。上弧形導(dǎo)坑斷面高,寬 ,一次爆破,錨噴支護(hù),機(jī)械裝碴。 主要優(yōu)點(diǎn): 僅開挖一個(gè)上導(dǎo)坑造價(jià)低,并對(duì)圍巖破壞擾動(dòng)較小。 各個(gè)工序依次分部前進(jìn),工作簡(jiǎn)單。 下部后續(xù)工序施工在拱圈保護(hù)下進(jìn)行較為安全。 石質(zhì)好的隧道可節(jié)省腳手架及支撐木料。 主要缺點(diǎn): 在松軟圍巖中,支撐架設(shè)復(fù)雜,抽換多,易造成支撐下沉變形,影響凈空和襯砌進(jìn)度 。 拱部運(yùn)輸、通風(fēng)、排水困難。 工序干擾大,施工進(jìn)度慢;襯砌整體性差。 當(dāng)?shù)刭|(zhì)條件變化時(shí),不易改變施工方法。 施工注意事項(xiàng): 松軟圍巖,襯砌應(yīng)緊跟開挖,做到“短開挖、弱爆破、強(qiáng)支護(hù)、早襯砌”; 支撐架設(shè)中應(yīng)盡量減少支撐的抽換,需要替換時(shí),應(yīng)按“先頂后拆”的原則處理; 挖中槽(挖底)時(shí),為防止拱腳內(nèi)移應(yīng)安設(shè)卡口梁,當(dāng)作為棧道運(yùn)輸時(shí),應(yīng)加強(qiáng)支撐; 在松軟圍巖開挖導(dǎo)坑時(shí),應(yīng)考慮頂留支撐沉落量,并注意拱圈變形下沉,以免影響凈空不夠。 施工組織設(shè)計(jì): 42 編制施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的基本原則: ,導(dǎo)坑斷面尺寸 應(yīng)根據(jù)運(yùn)輸要求、地質(zhì)條件、支護(hù)類型、設(shè)備外型尺寸及技術(shù)條件,人行安全及管路布置等因素確定。若需作為通風(fēng)之用,則應(yīng)核算其面積。 ,應(yīng)適應(yīng)地質(zhì)條件的變化和保證施工安全,工程質(zhì)量以及進(jìn)度等要求,一般采用平行作業(yè)。 ,應(yīng)根據(jù)施工方法、機(jī)具設(shè)備、運(yùn)量要求等選擇裝碴及運(yùn)輸方式。 . 、施工方法和通風(fēng)設(shè)備等因素確定 . : ( 1)隧道施工供電電壓一般可用 400/300v 三相四 線系統(tǒng) ,動(dòng)力線電壓一般采用 380v。 ( 2)輸電線路的容許電壓降 ,在線路末端不應(yīng)超過 10%. ( 3)洞內(nèi)照明線路的電壓 ,在作業(yè)地段的額定電壓不超過 36v,在成洞段或不作業(yè)地段可用 220v。 棄碴處理 本隧道棄碴 萬(wàn)方 ,由于列衣隧道進(jìn)出口為德曲河一級(jí)階地,河道在此狹窄,五棄渣堆放場(chǎng)地,因此在隧道出口端線路右側(cè) DK242+815m處約 500m 處坡地。棄碴坡腳采用漿砌防護(hù) ,并作好排水系統(tǒng)。另外要對(duì)植被加以保護(hù),防止由于大量排渣堆積不合理而引起的原始穩(wěn)定邊坡的滑動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的泥石流。 43 第六章 隧道 工程數(shù)量計(jì)算 進(jìn)口開挖: 刷方線草圖如下所示: 圖( 71) : 因?yàn)? 21 7mA? 22 17mA ? 所以 31 129)(31 mV ????? 32 mV ???? 33 mV ???? : 因?yàn)橛疫吰拢?h= m= n=5 l= 所以查表可得: A=93 2m 44 所以 31 5 7 mV ??? 左邊坡: h= m= n=5 l=4m 所以查表可得: A=93 2m 所以 32 3 7 2493 mV ??? : 33277837831)(17231 mV ???????? 所以開挖量為: 34 3 8 83 2 7 7372577726129 mV ??????? 出口挖方 由下圖可知:因?yàn)槌隹谑琴N壁進(jìn)洞,而洞門頂端恰與陡壁上端地面 線相交,所以出口挖方僅包括洞門外的挖方。 截面A1:DK242+811地面線 圖( 72) 所以洞外挖方為一錐體,且體積為: 31 22720343131 mAhV ????? 而出口開挖的凹槽的體積為: 32 2685mV ? 45 所以出口開挖量為: 32 9 1 22 6 8 5227 mV ??? 洞身開挖量計(jì)算: 1.Ⅴ級(jí)圍巖: 31 mV ??? 2.Ⅳ級(jí)圍巖: 32 5 5 3 9 mV ??? 3.Ⅲ級(jí)圍巖: 33 7 9 7 32 2 mV ??? 所以洞身開挖總量為: 7 3 9 4 7 9 7 5 5 3 9 7 6 mV ???? 46 請(qǐng)刪除以下內(nèi)容, O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?! The origin of taxation in the United States can be traced to the time when the colonists were heavily taxed by Great Britain on everything from tea to legal and business documents that were required by the Stamp Tax. The colonists39。 disdain for this taxation without representation (socalled because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the . Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Ine tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flatrate ine tax was imposed in 1867. The ine tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Ine tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Ine Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual ines in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers39。 loan amp。 trust, 158 . 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 [1895]). After many years of debate and promise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on ine without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the ine tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the . ine tax system has bee very plex. In 1913 the ine tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation。 the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate 47 for individuals of 67 percent, pared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure…. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable ine, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and