【正文】 he context of the current strategic environment?” ? Two key issues ? Scan and monitor external environment (general and industry) ? Continuously monitor the internal environment Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .107 1057 . Informational Control Informational control requires four characteristics to be effective: 1. Focus on constantly changing information that top managers identify as having potential strategic importance. 2. The information is important enough to demand frequent and regular attention from operating managers. 3. The data and information generated by the control system are best interpreted and discussed in facetoface meetings among superiors and subordinates. 4. The control system is a key catalyst for an ongoing debate about underlying data, assumptions, and action plans. Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .108 258 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Control System Characters ? a) Information generated by the control system should be an important and recurring item to be addressed by the highest levels of management. ? b) The control process should also be given frequent and regular attention from operating managers at all levels of the anization. ? c) Data from the system should be interpreted and discussed in facetoface meeting among superiors and subordinates. ? d) The success of the control process relies on the continual challenge and debate of underlying data, assumptions, and strategies. External Governance Control Mechanisms ? Market for corporate control ? Auditors ? Banks and analysts ? Regulatory bodies (SarbanesOxley Act in 2022) ? Media and public activists Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1027 260 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategic Implementation ? Ch 11 Strategic Leadership ? Leadership ? Organizational Ethics ? Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations Leadership Leadership is the: ? process of transforming anizations from what they are to what the leader would have them bee ? Leadership should be ? Proactive ? Goaloriented ? Focused on the creation and implementation of a creative vision Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1161 Leadership: Three Interdependent Activities Successful leaders must recognize three interdependent activities 1 Determining a direction 2 Designing the anization 3 Nurturing a culture Adapted from Exhibit Three Interdependent Activities of Leadership Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1162 263 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Ethics ? Ethics can be defined as a system of right and wrong. ? Organizational ethics is the ethics that the anizations followed, it is how an anization ethically responds to an internal or external stimulus. 264 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations ? Salient elements of empowerment ? Start at the bottom by understanding needs of employees ? Teach employees skills of selfmanagement ? Build teams to encourage cooperative behaviour ? Encourage intelligent risk taking ? Trust people to perform 1 Empowering employees at all levels Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1164 265 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations “Open book” management ? Numbers on each employee?s work performance and production costs generated daily ? Information is aggregated once a week from top level to bottom level ? Extensive training in how to use and interpret the numbers—how to understand balance sheets, cash flows and ine statements 2 Accumulating and sharing internal knowledge Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1165 266 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations Awareness of environmental trends and events ? Inter accelerates the speed with which useful information can be located ? “Garden variety” traditional sources for acquisition of external information ? Benchmarking ? Focus directly on customers for information 3 Gathering and integrating external information Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1166 267 Copyright 169。 2022 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations Challenging the status quo ? Create a sense of urgency ? Establish a “culture of dissent” ? Foster a culture that encourages risk taking ? Cultivate culture of experimentation and curiosity 4 Challenging the status quo and enabling creativity Copyright 169。 2022 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited .1167