【正文】 ct elephants. In any situation, though, a country has the inalienable right to withdraw. At some point, a country might withdraw from the WTO rather than accept its reprimand in a trade dispute. Such action 21 could greatly hamper trade liberalization, particularly if the United States or the EU were to withdraw. The issue of environment standards for products and their production defy swift resolution. Countries with strict environmental regulations will undoubtedly consider assigning ―green countervailing duties‖ to penalize those firms that opt to operate where regulations are lax. Producers facing these import restrictions undoubtedly will claim that altruistic environmental standards are really a ruse to protect inefficient domestic producers. Further, governments of developing countries suspect that stricter product standards, largely advocated by industrial countries, will impose yet another nontariff trade barrier. Ultimately, trade policy depends to a great extent on public opinion. Groups that believe they have been adversely affected by imports, especially if due to unfair practices, are apt to be more vocal and persuasive at shaping public opinion than people who benefit from trade. What is more worrisome, recent survey report that a majority of people in the United States feel that foreign trade has been bad for the . economy. These surveys were taken during the boom years of the late 1990s. One doubts that the economic trials of the early twentyfirst century have improved Americans’ outlooks. Such negative sentiment threatens to slow foreign trade liberalization, especially in the face of a prolonged economic downturn. 3. The Investment Portfolio (10 points) No single investment instrument will provide ine, growth, and a high degree of safety. For this reason, all investors – whether institutions or individuals – build investment portfolio, or collections of various types of investments. Money managers and financial advisers are employed (1) to determine which investments should be in an investor’s portfolio and (2) to buy and sell securities and maintain the client’s portfolio. A major concern for them is diversification—reducing the risk of loss in a client’s total portfolio by investing funds in several different securities, so a loss experienced by any one will not affect the entire portfolio. A portion of a portfolio might be in investmentgrade corporate bonds, and a portion might be in mon stocks. Likewise, owing stock in ten large corporations provides greater safety through diversification than owing the stock of only one small technology pany. The loss of one stock might be offset by one or more other stocks. A portfolio might also be structured to provide a desired rate of return, the percentage gain or interest yield on investments. For example, an investmentgrade corporate bond might pay 7 percent interest but provide an expected capital gain 22 of only 2 percent, whereas a growth stock might be expected to a capital gain of 14 percent but pay no dividend. 23 2022 年碩士學位研究生入學考試初試試題 考試科目： 815 經(jīng)濟學綜合 一、 名詞解釋 (每小題 3分，共 12 分 ) 范圍經(jīng)濟 帕累托改進 成本推動通貨膨脹 流動性陷阱 二、單項選擇 (10題，每小題 1分，共 10 分 ) 對于商品房價格將會進一步上升的預期，導致的直接結果是目前商品房市場中的（？） A．供應量增加 B：供給增加 C．需求量增加 D．需求增加 如果閑暇是正常品，則財產(chǎn)性收入的增加會導致勞動供給 量（？） A．增加 B．減少 D．不確定 根據(jù)基尼系數(shù)的大小，下列四個國家中哪一個國家的分配最為平均：（？） 在一級價格歧視下，（？）。 A．廠商根據(jù)消費者的需求價格彈性不同收取不同價格 B．廠商可以在不同時間向消贊者收取不同價格 C．廠商只是 改變了定價的方式，但是并沒有改變產(chǎn)量水平 D．產(chǎn)品的邊際收益等于產(chǎn)品價格 對于生產(chǎn)相同產(chǎn)品的廠商來說，（？）模型分析得到的結論與競爭模型的結論相同。 A．古諾 (Cournot) （ Stackbelberg） C．伯特蘭德 (Bertrand) （ Dominant Firm） 向政府雇員支付的報酬屬于（？） 決定美國和中國的投資乘數(shù)不一樣的因素主要是： A．兩國的平均消費傾向差異 B．兩國的邊際消費傾向差異 C．兩國的企業(yè)投資規(guī)模差異 D．兩國的投資預期收益差異 在經(jīng)濟增長模型中，衡量技術進步最常用的度量標準是（？） A．勞動利用程度 B．資本利用程度