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一種分析和描述的研究》,轉(zhuǎn)引自埃什爾曼 《家庭導(dǎo)論》第 326 頁。 18 第五、角色理論 。 角色理論認(rèn)為,戀愛和婚姻的雙方都扮演著一定的角色,我們所選擇的配偶大都符合我們對(duì)他或他的角色期待,我們對(duì)配偶的期待角色可能是一個(gè)賢妻良母,也可能是一個(gè)女強(qiáng)人,明確了這種角色期待之后,我們就會(huì)以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去尋找或塑造我們的配偶。理想的結(jié)果是:我們的配偶完全符合我們對(duì)他或他的角色期待,因?yàn)?,角色的一致性是戀愛和婚姻保持成功的一個(gè)重要因素;角色的不一致則有可能導(dǎo)致配偶之間的矛盾與沖突。 第六、價(jià)值理論 。 價(jià)值理論認(rèn)為,在擇 偶過程中,人們傾向于選擇與自己價(jià)值相類似或價(jià)值取向相同的人作為配偶,因?yàn)?,價(jià)值相類似的人之間更容易產(chǎn)生吸引力,而且,價(jià)值相似的人的相互吸引從另一個(gè)方面進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化和證實(shí)了價(jià)值本身,這也會(huì)使彼此雙方更容易加強(qiáng)溝通、增進(jìn)感情,產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的認(rèn)同感。 1. 論述中年人失業(yè)的影響及解決措施。 (案例) 主要影響有以下幾點(diǎn):失業(yè)最直接的影響是家庭收入的減少。失業(yè)導(dǎo)致失業(yè)者家庭地位的下降。失業(yè)割斷了失業(yè)者與社會(huì)的聯(lián)系。失業(yè)導(dǎo)致失業(yè)人員人格出現(xiàn)偏差。 對(duì)策:對(duì)于中年人,首先要更新觀念,正確看待失業(yè)問題。及時(shí)提高自身能力。社會(huì) 的幫助。改變就業(yè)觀念。 2. **詳述中年期的家庭調(diào)適的主要內(nèi)容。 中年期是一個(gè)很特殊的時(shí)期。對(duì)于中年人自身而言,他們有一個(gè)完整的家庭需要維護(hù),同時(shí)又有一個(gè)屬于自己的事業(yè)需要去奮斗。( 1 分)與此同時(shí),中年期正好處于一個(gè)夾縫之中,上面有老人,下面有子女,因此中年期的家庭調(diào)適就同時(shí)表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面:其一是對(duì)老年父母;其二是對(duì)成年子女;其三是夫婦雙方自身的調(diào)適。( 3 分) 第一,對(duì)老年父母的調(diào)適 人到中年,除了年齡的增長(zhǎng)之外,在心理和社會(huì)適應(yīng)等方面也在發(fā)生著顯著的變化。值得關(guān)注的是,中年人與老年父 母之間并不總是親密無間的,一些中年人與自己的父母因?yàn)榉N種原因甚至處于非常緊張的關(guān)系之中。作為家庭中堅(jiān)的中年人需要及時(shí)調(diào)適,盡贍養(yǎng)和慰籍的義務(wù)。( 3 分) 第二,對(duì)成年子女的調(diào)適 中年期,子女漸漸長(zhǎng)大,父母不再像對(duì)待嬰幼兒那樣寸步不離、呵護(hù)備至。但這并不意味著父母的責(zé)任有所減輕。當(dāng)成年子女結(jié)婚或搬出家門后,中年父母心理上出現(xiàn)了深深的空缺,生活中仿佛失去了寄托和支撐,整個(gè)生活頓時(shí)亂了套,這是一種特殊的危機(jī)。( 3 分) 第三,中年夫婦雙方的調(diào)適 中年期對(duì)于中年期夫婦來說,既是一個(gè)機(jī)遇,也是一種 危機(jī) ,這種雙重性同樣也表現(xiàn)在中年夫婦的婚姻生活之中。作為機(jī)遇,中年期的變化可能促使中年夫婦重新喚醒他們長(zhǎng)期被冷落的感情生活;作為危機(jī),中年期的變化則可能導(dǎo)致中年夫婦婚姻生活出現(xiàn)裂縫。這種裂縫如果得不到及時(shí)的修補(bǔ),很有可能會(huì)摧毀中年夫婦苦心經(jīng)營(yíng)的婚姻生活。( 3 分) 1. **論述老年歧視現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因有哪些?如何克服? 老年人地位的急劇下降是從工業(yè)社會(huì)開始的,主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面: 第一、社會(huì)的急劇變遷。工業(yè)社會(huì)的產(chǎn)生導(dǎo)致了全面的社會(huì)變革,現(xiàn)在的社會(huì)發(fā)展速度越來越快,技術(shù)更新的速度越來越快,生活的節(jié)奏因此 也越來越快,老年人因?yàn)樯?、心理和社?huì)的原因,一下子很難適應(yīng)這種急劇的社會(huì)變遷,因此,很快被拋到了時(shí)代的后邊,遭到了社會(huì)的排斥。 19 第二、反向社會(huì)化的出現(xiàn)。早期人類知識(shí)的積累主要是靠經(jīng)驗(yàn),知識(shí)的傳播主要是代代相傳,因此,誰的壽命越長(zhǎng),誰掌握的知識(shí)就越多,現(xiàn)在則大為不同,知識(shí)的更新速度越來越快,信息的傳播方式越來越多,信息傳播的媒介也越來越高科技化,這導(dǎo)致了一種從未有過的奇怪現(xiàn)象,年輕人比老年人接受新知識(shí)興趣更高、速度更快、能力更強(qiáng),代與代之間的知識(shí)傳播不再是老帶少,而是少傳老,年輕人成了知識(shí)的主宰,反向社會(huì)化 由此產(chǎn)生,反向社會(huì)化的產(chǎn)生使老年人昔日的高高在上的尊崇地位被徹底顛覆。 第三、片面的社會(huì)觀念?,F(xiàn)在的社會(huì)普遍流行的是以權(quán)利、能力、財(cái)富、健康等因素來評(píng)判一個(gè)人,老年人都已經(jīng)過了人生的輝煌期,與這些標(biāo)志性的尺度越來越遠(yuǎn),老年人成了無權(quán)力、少財(cái)富、沒能力、不健康的特殊群體,這自然會(huì)被流行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)打入另冊(cè)。 如何克服和消除老年歧視的錯(cuò)誤行為?根據(jù)它的產(chǎn)生原因,我們應(yīng)該采取以下針對(duì)性措施: 首先,改變社會(huì)觀念,改變流行的評(píng)判人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),用更全面、更科學(xué)、更多樣化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來綜合衡量人,而不是簡(jiǎn)單地用是否有能力、能否創(chuàng)造財(cái)富 等準(zhǔn)則來對(duì)不同的人群進(jìn)行評(píng)判。要充分注意到老年人的特殊性,充分考慮到老年人以前的工作和生活情況。 其次,加強(qiáng)社會(huì)政策和社會(huì)立法,通過強(qiáng)制性手段來確保老年人不受歧視,通過強(qiáng)制性行為使尊老愛老的觀念深入人心,植根人心。 再次,大力宣揚(yáng)我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的文化傳統(tǒng),使我國(guó)固有的尊老愛老思想繼續(xù)發(fā)揚(yáng),使每個(gè)人都真正做到“老吾老以及人之老”。 最后,社會(huì)要形成關(guān)愛老人的環(huán)境,一方面大力提高對(duì)老年人的社會(huì)幫扶,營(yíng)造濃厚的尊老愛老的社會(huì)環(huán)境,同時(shí),還應(yīng)該積極推進(jìn)老人醫(yī)療設(shè)施、養(yǎng)老設(shè)施、康樂設(shè)施等的建設(shè),使老人“老有所養(yǎng)、老有所為 、老有所樂”。 2.論述死亡的幾個(gè)階段及成功的死亡 第一階段:否認(rèn)和隔離 ,第二階段:憤怒,第三階段:討價(jià)還價(jià),第四階段:沮喪, 第五階段:接受。 好死意味著我們應(yīng)該有尊嚴(yán)地去死( death with diginity),這種好死、這種有尊嚴(yán)地死我們把它稱之為成功的死亡( successful dying)。 成功的死亡意味著我們應(yīng)該像對(duì)待生一樣對(duì)待死,應(yīng)該將更多人為的、社會(huì)的干預(yù)介入到死亡之中去,只有這樣,才能真正保全人的尊嚴(yán)。 現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,死亡已經(jīng)不再是一個(gè)聽天由命的自然過程,在死的過程中,時(shí)時(shí)刻刻都充滿了 人性的光輝。 安樂死 , 臨終關(guān)懷 Visafree policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdu39。s 72hour visafree policy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sep t 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third country to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a threeday visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute at Sichuan University, said the move contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the city39。s level of internationalization. The policy will also bring direct economic revenue, Li said. Chengdu has many cultural legacies and is also a paradise for panda lovers with the world39。s largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots, he noted. 20 The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,00 0 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irrigation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birthplace of Taoism, China39。s ancient indigenous religion, whil e Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning watercontrol project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, i mprove English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest Ch ina, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods, she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. My life was like a running race moving from place to p lace. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before, she said. But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown, she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72 hour visafree policy and pelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the pany has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the threeday visa has an immediate and positive influence on the pany39。s business development. Rudy Buttignol, president of the public broadcasting pany in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy makes the trips easier. Data from the city39。s public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed the 72hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 per cent from