【正文】 研究結(jié)果。 (4)文獻(xiàn) (references)：與本研究方法、結(jié)果、討論有關(guān)的其它研究有哪些？準(zhǔn)確完整規(guī)范著錄。 (5)前言 (introduction)本研究的背景和目的是什么？試圖回答的關(guān)鍵問題是什么？基本寫作要求：本研究之目的和重要性；簡要復(fù)習(xí)文獻(xiàn)。 (6)致謝 (acknowledgment)：除了作者，誰協(xié)助完成了本研究、分析結(jié)果并撰寫論文？誰提供了基藍(lán)鯨資源網(wǎng) 第 12 頁 共 26 頁 12 金和物質(zhì)幫助？寫作要求：僅列出對本工作提供特殊的實(shí)質(zhì)性貢獻(xiàn)者姓名；須得到被致謝者同意。 (7)摘要 (abstract)：論文告訴我們什么 (通常 250 字 )？摘要是論文要點(diǎn)的濃縮，應(yīng)在文章各主要部分完成后再寫，這樣有利于文章要點(diǎn)的提煉。優(yōu)秀的摘要能有效抓住讀者興趣。寫作要求：用含有必要詞匯的短的簡單句 ，以使摘要清楚而簡潔 ?避免使用縮寫詞和晦澀難懂的詞句；用小標(biāo)題敘述研究論文的各部分；用過去時(shí) (但問題的陳述和結(jié)論可用現(xiàn)在時(shí) )；強(qiáng)調(diào)研究的創(chuàng)新和重要方面。 (8)文題 (title)：本文關(guān)于什么？最佳文題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是用最少的必要術(shù)語準(zhǔn)確描述論文的內(nèi)容。寫作要求：準(zhǔn)確 (accuracy)、簡潔 (brevity)、有效 (effectiveness)和吸引人。 (9)作者 (author list)：誰參與了本研究的設(shè)計(jì)、工作及論文的撰寫？ (10)準(zhǔn)備論文最后一稿 (preparing the final manuscript)：論文初稿完成以后，必須對內(nèi)容及格式進(jìn)行反復(fù)推敲和修改，達(dá)到“投稿須知”的一切要求。絕大多數(shù)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的編輯都認(rèn)為：不認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備的稿件絕不是高水平科學(xué)研究成果的良好載體 (A poorly prepared manuscript is， almost without fail， the carrier vehicle of poor science. Day AR.)。如果希望論文發(fā)表，在準(zhǔn)備投稿時(shí)必須做到打字整潔、無錯(cuò)、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。該過程一般分三步：再次閱讀擬投期刊的“投稿須知” ；用“投稿須知”中提供的“稿件對照檢查表” (manuscript checklist, author39。s checklist)與自己論文一一核對；根據(jù)期刊要求打印輸出，完成最后一稿。 七、英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的幾個(gè)細(xì)節(jié) A. 時(shí)態(tài)：當(dāng)提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達(dá)了什么時(shí)要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而不用一般過去時(shí)。 This paper describes ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 shows ……Most of the mon condensation polymers are listed in Table 11. B. 數(shù)：在學(xué)術(shù)論文里，有時(shí)很難顧及數(shù)的邏輯。但一般不將邏輯上的問題視為語法錯(cuò)誤。只須注意在一個(gè)句子中的數(shù)和謂語動(dòng)詞的統(tǒng)一即可。單、復(fù)數(shù)的選用有一些非定性、但可供參考的趨向： ◆◆當(dāng)含意上強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)建議用復(fù)數(shù)。 The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical physical and chemical properties of this pound have been chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different. ◆◆當(dāng)含意上不強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。 Our research focuses on the synthesis of property of the pounds in group 1 is different from the property of the pounds in group chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time. ◆◆在標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題中或描述一類事物、現(xiàn)象等，提到具體物質(zhì)時(shí) 常用復(fù)數(shù)?！?Polyesters】 Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which bine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed 、小標(biāo)題或描述一類事物、現(xiàn)象等，提到抽象概念時(shí)可用單數(shù)、也可用復(fù)數(shù)。【 Step Copolymerization】 Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. ◆◆學(xué)術(shù)論文、有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)的科普文章中的名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性的劃分區(qū)別于非學(xué)術(shù)文章《非學(xué)術(shù)文章中的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性可從字典查到》。以下是在學(xué)術(shù)文章中通常視為可數(shù)名詞的單詞：《但藍(lán)鯨資源網(wǎng) 第 13 頁 共 26 頁 13 在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時(shí)可能被劃歸不可數(shù)名詞》。 application development consideration position concentration distribution structure length weight ◆◆當(dāng)同時(shí)提及幾個(gè)圖、表、方程式時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù) (分別單個(gè)地提及則不用 )： The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show …… C. 冠詞： ◆◆單數(shù)名詞前一般要加冠詞： a , the 等； 但以下情況可不加：表示不特指的、較抽象的概念： This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization es from a variety of polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate binations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm..但需注意這些單詞前加冠詞也是經(jīng)常見到的，這是由它在句中的含義決定的(如有一定的特指意義 )： Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer – it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (73176。C) and a high Tm (14176。C). ◆◆目錄、標(biāo)題中通常省略冠詞： 1 Introduction 11 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations ? 14 Molecular Weight 15 Physical State 圖、表的題目中有時(shí)可省略冠詞： Fig. 22 Second order plot of the selfcatalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 176。C.?? Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the 、化學(xué)物質(zhì)前通常不加冠詞： The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be 、縱坐標(biāo)的名稱前不加冠詞。 D. 大小寫：請注意以下結(jié)構(gòu)的大、小寫：當(dāng)提及具體第幾章、節(jié)；圖、表；方程式時(shí)，首個(gè)字母通常要大寫。 As discussed in Chapter 2, ……In Section , we ……As shown in Figure 1, ……The results are listed in Table 、節(jié)；圖、表；方程式時(shí)，首個(gè)字母如在句中通常用小寫。 In the previous chapter, ……As shown in this figure, …… E. 縮寫：以下全名和縮寫在文中通常視為同等，可以互換。 Figure Fig. Figures Figs. Table Tab. Chapter Chap. Section Sec. 藍(lán)鯨資源網(wǎng) 第 14 頁 共 26 頁 14 Equation Eq. Equations Eqs. F. 一些常用詞匯用法 ◆◆ research, study, investigate： research 可做名詞、動(dòng)詞，但通常做名詞用，很少見到動(dòng)詞的用法。句中需要?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)常用 study 或 investigate 來表達(dá)。 ◆◆ detail/detailed： The properties of this pound were studied in detail.//The detailed properties of this pound were studied.//The details of the properties of this pound were studied. ◆◆ follows/following： The results are as follows: …… //We got following results: …… ◆◆ increase, decrease：均可做名詞和動(dòng)詞， We can observe an increase in the reaction rate.//The reaction rate increases. ◆◆ focus, concentrate： focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is ……This paper focuses on ……Our study focuses on ……We focus our study on ……Our study is focused on ……concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on ……Our study is concentrated on …… ◆◆ effect, affect： effect: n. //affect: v. ◆◆ pose, consist： A is posed of B and C.//A consists of B and C. ◆◆ increase, improve： increase: 主要指數(shù)值上的增加。 improve: 主要指性質(zhì)的增加、改善。 G. 名詞修飾：在學(xué)術(shù)文章中，很多時(shí)候會(huì)用到直接用名詞做修飾，而不用’ s 或 ?? of ?? 的形式。常見的這類詞有： reaction rate； reaction rate constant； reaction temperature； reaction condition molecular weight dis