【導(dǎo)讀】guideline,signaling,andmunicationtools,whichafford. (ParrisandKates2020).

　　

【正文】 red to 380 within the United States the sameyear) to 1,120 in 2020. LEED provides attendant softwaresupport tools.BREEAM and LEED are the two most representativebuilding environmental schemes (Lee and Burt 2020).BREAM has a long track record in the UK, but it is notused extensively in the US. However, the coexistence ofsystems in the same market is influenced by other systems(Cole 2020). Through the recent introduction of GreenBuilding Initiative’s Green Globes rating system into theSustain Sci (2020) 6:233–246 237123US market in 2020, the market in North America ischanging (Cole 2020).On average, LEED buildings used 18–39% less energyper floor area than their conventional counterparts. However, 28–35% of LEED buildings used more energy thantheir conventional counterparts (Newsham et al. 2020).Small buildings that consist of 60% of the total number ofbuildings consume only about 10% of energy。 big buildings, account for 10% of all buildings, consume half theenergy (Scofield 2020). The reason, of course, is that largebuildings dominate the energy consumption of a set ofmercial buildings. Despite the fact that many of thesmaller LEED buildings outperform their conventionalcounterparts, it matters little because they do not contributeto the total energy nearly as much as a handful of largerbuildings.GBTool and global issuesGBTool, established by the Green Building Challenge(GBC) in 1995, is the most prehensive framework,and involves the international collaboration of over 20countries (iiSBE). GBTool is a tool used to pare greenbuildings in different countries within a mon index.There have been several international projects in the field。BEQUEST ‘‘Building Environmental Quality for Sustainability through Time’’ (CRISP ‘‘A European ThematicNetwork on Construction and City Related SustainabilityIndicators’’ 2020, IEA Annex 31 (2020), ‘‘Energy relatedEnvironmental Impact of Buildings’’, and PRESCO‘‘European Thematic Network on Practical Remendations for Sustainable Construction’’ (Peuportier andPutzeys 2020). The GBC has been analyzed by manyresearchers (Todd et al. 2020。 Cole 1999, 2020。 Larssonand Cole 2020。 Kohler 1999。 Haapio and Viitaniemi2020).The GBC is developing and testing a new method ofassessing the environmental performance of buildings(Larsson and Cole 2020). Unlike existing systems, theGBC framework emphasized research and involvedresearchers and practitioners worldwide. It was notdesigned as a tool for any particular application or use in amercial market。 instead, it was intended to contributeto the stateoftheart of building performance assessmentand to provide a forum for identification and discussion ofissues and the testing of potential approaches (Todd et al.2020). The GBC tool used to pare green buildings indifferent countries within a mon index was developedas a form of software called the GBTool at an internationalGBC conference in Canada in 1998. The GBC framework,now operated by the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), has been developedin several versions: GBC098, GBC2020, SB2020, andSB2020.This GBTool facilitates a full description of a buildingand its performance, and also allows users to carry outassessments relative to regional benchmarks. Assessmentcriteria for GBTool prise resource consumption,environmental loadings, indoor environmental quality,service quality, economics, preoperation management, andmuting transport. The first four criteria (resourceconsumption to service quality) are considered corerequirements in the GBC assessment. These criteria havesubcriteria that are scored for the tested building usinga 2to?5 assessment scale. The remaining criteria(economics, preoperation management, and mutingtransport) are important, but are not scored (Seo et al.2020).CASBEE as a new toolIn 2020, CASBEE was developed by a cooperative projectbetween industry and government. CASBEE prises avariety of assessment tools, and breaks away fromthe simple addition of points (CASBEE/english/). Several recent assessment methods and tools in CASBEE include performanceissues and structured features that differentiate them fromearlier methods (Cole 2020). CASBEE prises a varietyof assessment tools that are applicable in accordance withthe stages of a development in predesign, new construction, existing buildings, and renovation.CASBEE covers four assessment fields: energy,resources, local environments, and indoor environments.CASBEE uses different aspects to estimate and simplifythe scoring of buildings. CASBEE also uses two differentspaces, internal and external, divided by a hypotheticalboundary, and two factors, quality and loadings. Quality,which represents building environmental quality and performance, is broken down into three categories: indoorenvironments, quality of services, and outdoor environments on site. Similarly, loadings, which represent thereduction of environmental building loadings, is dividedinto three categories: energy, resources and materials, andoffsite environments. Buildings can be labeled as class C(poor), class B, class B?, class A, and class S (excellent),in order of increasing BEE value. BEE (Building Environmental Efficiency) is an indicator used by CASBEEcalculated from quality as the numerator and loadings asthe denominator. This indicator does not include aspectssuch as security or financial aspects in their methods(238 Sustain Sci (2020) 6:233–246123Other toolsExamples of other BEA tools are CEPAS (ComprehensiveEnvironmental Performance Assessment Scheme) developed by the Building Department Hong Kong in 2020(CEPAS), and the DQI (Design Quality Indicator), which isa toolkit supported by the UK construction IndustryCouncil, used throughout the development