【導(dǎo)讀】在行政管理機構(gòu)信息是個重要資源。及時有效的重要信息對于高效管理職能的表現(xiàn)是至。關(guān)重要的，例如準(zhǔn)備，組織，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，控制。在一個管理機構(gòu)中，信息系統(tǒng)就像是人體中的神。在組織中信息系統(tǒng)為決策者提供信息支持。信息由經(jīng)過處理的而且是對用戶是有用的數(shù)據(jù)組成。一個系統(tǒng)是為了達成一個共同的目。的共同操作的一組元件。于儲存事實的集合物件，像一個電話目錄或者實施統(tǒng)計調(diào)查記錄。它評價而且通知，吃驚而且刺激，減少不確。如果它重新確定之前的決定它也是有關(guān)的。巴黎一月的天氣情況的信息對你來說就是有關(guān)的。時間性涉及到信息的流通呈現(xiàn)給使用者。準(zhǔn)確性是通過對數(shù)據(jù)和實際事件的比較而被測量的。做出決斷的型態(tài)而改變的。外的信息的價值是通過減少將來的事件的不確定性而獲得預(yù)期結(jié)果的差額。信息支持決定，決定觸發(fā)動作，而動作影響組織的成就或績效。測可能發(fā)生的結(jié)果。制定決策的信息系統(tǒng)。她們也包含、規(guī)定了農(nóng)民的基本收入和改善農(nóng)民的生活質(zhì)量。

　　

【正文】 ceives input, processes input, and delivers the processed input as output. Some input devices allow direct humanmachine munication, while others require data to be recorded on an input medium such as a magizable material (specially coated plastic flexible or floppy disks and magic tapes). The keyboard of a workstation connected directly to a puter is an example of a direct input device. Use of automation makes it possible to store immense quantities of information, to avoid many of the errors that find their way into manual records, and to make calculations and parisons that would be practically impossible in a manual system. Organization of a database Data are usually generated at the field level through transactionprocessing systems, but once the data are captured, any echelon along the organizational hierarchy may use them, provided that information requirements have been well defined, appropriate programmers have been implemented, and a means has been arranged for the sharing of the data. This would imply that the same data can be used by different sets of programmers。 hence we distinguish between the database (a set of data) and the applications (a set of programmers). In a decision support system (DSS), this set of programmers is the model base (Keen amp。 Morton, 1978). The term database may refer to any collection of data that might serve an organizational unit. A database on a given subject is a collection of data on that subject that observes three criteria: prehensiveness (pleteness), nonredundancy, and appropriate structure. Comprehensiveness means that all the data about the subject are actually present in the database. Nonredundancy means that each individual piece of data exists only once in the database. Appropriate structure means that the data are stored in such a way as to minimize the cost of expected processing and storage (Awad amp。 Gotterer, 1992). The idea of a large corporate database that can be flexibly shared by several applications or model bases has been realized by means of software packages specially devised to perform such tasks. These packages, called database management systems (DBMSs), are available in the market under different trade names such as ORACLE, SYBASE, INGRES, FOXBASE, and dBASE. Illustrative puterbased MIS A national agricultural extension system is a nationwide system managed by the national government. In India, agriculture is a state subject under the division of powers between the national and the state levels. Nevertheless, the national government supplements the financial resources of the states and provides coordination at the national level. The state39。s administrative machinery is divided into districts, districts into subdivisions, subdivisions into blocks. A block is a group of villages and the basic unit for the administration of an agricultural extension programmer. Data collected at the block level need to be integrated at higher administrative levels to provide an integrated view at the district and state levels to support planning, monitoring, and decision making. However, the actual design may vary with the size of the state and other considerations. An integrated database for the entire state may be supported by a mainframe/miniputer at the state headquarters. Suitable programmes for the analysis of data may be designed to provide an interactive decision support system at the state level. Each district and subdivision may be provided with a mini/micro puter, depending on the volume of data to be handled. The puters in the districts and subdivisions may be worked with the state puter. The local data may be stored and processed in the district/subdivision, and the shared data with appropriate level of aggregation may be transmitted to the state headquarters to update the integrated database. The districts and subdivisions would have direct access to the integrated database with proper authorizations assigned to them through their passwords. The blocks may have only the inputoutput terminals connected to the subdivision puter to feed data to the subdivision and make online inquiries as and when necessary.