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【正文】 they choose to transfer the land and move their families elsewhere to find employment. On average, a migrant family earns an annual ine of about RMB 20,000 by working in urban areas. Some peasant households may also choose to move their families elsewhere even though they have 10 mu of farmland. This happens when a better opportunity arises that allows them to earn an annual ine of over RMB 20,000. Migrant families have special demand for land in the sense that they hope to reallocate and reacquire land through confirmation of land rights, then transfer it and continue to work in urban areas. Migrant families are usually peasant households that had abandoned the land before the agricultural tax was repealed. At that time, they passively transferred the land under the longterm transfer scheme and became the “l(fā)andless peasants” in nonsuburban areas. They are full of anxiety over the future because no matter how much money they earn, they still lack a sense of security. They are deeply worried about the loss of the ability to work and make a living when they get old or ill. They are an underprivileged group in the villages. As they have been 8 working away from home year in and year out, it is very difficult for them to effectively express their interests in and opinions of land. When the “confirmation of land rights” was conducted in 2021, they rushed back to their home villages to claim land title but ended up being easily defeated one by one and eventually acquired only 2 mu of subsistence land. 5. The poor villager stratum The poor and weak peasant stratum is the bottom stratum in the village. This stratum is subdivided into two subclasses: 1) peasant households that bee impoverished due to illness。 2) peasant households that have a small piece of land but cannot work away from home. These two subclasses are the poorest peasant households in the villages. Poor and weak peasants are mainly engaged in agricultural production and heavily dependent on farmland. They cannot work away from home due to a shortage of hands. Poor and weak peasants fall under the “poor peasant” stratum in the villages. The parttime peasant worker stratum serves as a yardstick of parison and a goal of pursuit for poor and weak peasants. In the three villages, % of the peasant households fall under this stratum. A peasant who bees impoverished due to illness can still earn an annual ine of up to RMB 10,000 if he has 10plus mu of land, and he will not be the poorest person in the village. If he does not have a large piece of farmland, however, he likely will bee the poorest person in the village. Peasant households with 2 mu of subsistence land will bee poor if they are unable to work away from home due to conditional constraints or to earn extra ine by doing sideline business. Conditional constraints arise when there are children who need to be cared for or when the elderly are in poor health or deceased, thus making it impossible to maintain the peasant worker structure or parttime peasant worker structure under the “inplete family” model. Gong Erping of Gongcun village fits neatly into this description. His wife died of cancer last year, and now he cultivates 5 mu of land while raising a child who is studying in a senior high school. During his interview, he said he is deeply worried about his poverty status but feels utterly hopeless as to how to escape poverty. Peasant strata may change as circumstances change. The economic pattern of the peasant worker stratum needs to be supported by the inplete family model. In the absence of such support (say, the peasant’s parents lost landtilling capacity), they would be no longer eligible for the parttime peasant worker stratum and may fall into the migrant family stratum. In the event of failing to maintain the peasant worker’s production method, the vast majority of the peasants will choose to move their families elsewhere, transfer their land and give up agricultural ine except in special cases where there are children who need cared for. In the rural areas of Jingshan, the land tenure conditions have more important impacts on the stratification of the peasantry. While some peasants can enter urban areas through their own efforts, other peasants may fall into the poor villager stratum due to illness or other reasons. Generally speaking, land tenure conditions are closely related to the stratification of the peasantry. Some peasant households may willingly relinquish their land titles after making a rational consideration. However, the current land tenure conditions are caused by policy factors such as the imposition of agricultural tax and fee burden, the abolition of the agricultural tax and the confirmation of land rights. The land tenure condition has to a large extent determined the stratum under which peasants fall. A peasant household that occupies more land can easily qualify for the peasant worker stratum or parttime peasant worker stratum and enter the middle stratum in the villages。 a peasant household that occupies less land can only enter the migrant family stratum in the bestcase scenario and may even fall into the poor villager stratum in the worstcase scenario. 9 There are only a small number of peasant households whose stratum is not related to land tenure, and these are the people who can succeed through their own effort alone. III. Attitudes of different stratum peasants towards land tenure institutions Different strata of peasants hold starkly different attitudes toward land. Peasant households that can successfully enter cities are mainly concentrated in the migrant businessman stratum. They are the most successful among the rural laborers working and doing business in urban areas. It is fair to say that the number of rural laborers who can successfully enter urban areas is not small. In fact, this coh