【導(dǎo)讀】這些可能是由政府制定和執(zhí)行的強(qiáng)制性要求。性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織放大，它們不是強(qiáng)制性的但一般被運(yùn)用在特定國家的貿(mào)易往來中。下，這些要求可能構(gòu)成強(qiáng)大的貿(mào)易壁壘。由于B國家有關(guān)產(chǎn)品特性和生產(chǎn)方式的要求與A國家。TBT協(xié)議和SPS協(xié)議的條款對國際貿(mào)易而言具有非常重要的意義。規(guī)則于國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品關(guān)于產(chǎn)品特質(zhì)和生產(chǎn)的規(guī)定。如上所述，有關(guān)一般范疇的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的WTO規(guī)則被載于“TBT協(xié)議”。TBT協(xié)議的規(guī)則適用于技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評定程序。要用綠色玻璃瓶進(jìn)行銷售都是適用于TBT協(xié)議的技術(shù)法規(guī)。關(guān)于制作方式和植物清潔的一定要求也是屬于TBT協(xié)議使用范圍內(nèi)的技術(shù)法規(guī)。排除了TBT協(xié)議的適用性，技術(shù)討論的措施符合這兩部協(xié)議。國待遇，國民待遇原則以及避免成為國際貿(mào)易障礙的義務(wù)。技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘委員會由所有WTO成員和會員的代表在必要時組成。

　　

【正文】 ernational or regional) measures and guides, or approximation towards existing international or regional measures and guides. In the case of the 2nd and 3rd option, harmonisation often implies participation in international and/or regional standardisation bodies. Harmonisation of regulations and standards can be full (., done on a “product by product” basis and implying harmonisation of detailed product characteristics) or limited to “essential characteristics” (., the product needs to ply with essential safety requirements only, cf. EU Single Market). Key benefits for the Parties? traders : Firms only need to ply with one set of regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. In addition, harmonisation enhances the patibility between imported and domestically produced goods, thus further encouraging international trade. The other is Mutual recognition or equivalence of technical regulations and standards . Recognition as equivalent of technical regulations and standards applied by another Party, when these differ in terms of their technical specifications yet are recognized by the Parties as meeting the same regulatory objectives. (“Equivalence” refers to unilateral recognition。 “mutual recognition” to reciprocal 13 recognition).Mutual recognition grants products that meet any of the Parties? regulations and standards unrestricted access to other Parties? markets. Key benefits for the Parties? traders : Firms can access other Parties? markets without having to ply with the other Parties? regulations and standards. They can ply just with one set of regulations and standards to enter all Parties? markets. (Mutual) recognition of conformity assessment results . Parties? regulatory authorities recognise test reports and/or certificates issued by conformity assessment bodies in other Parties. (In the absence of recognition of technical regulations, products are assessed against the regulations of the importing country). A broad range of mechanisms exists to facilitate the acceptance of some or all aspects of another Party?s conformity assessment results, including: Reliance on a suppliers? declaration of conformity (., the supplier makes a selfdeclaration of conformity, as such avoiding the costs of thirdparty assessment)。1 Voluntary arrangements between conformity assessment bodies from each Party?s territory (., “technical” mutual recognition arrangements)。 Agreements for the mutual acceptance of the results of conformity assessment procedures undertaken by conformity assessment bodies in the other Parties (., mandatory “governmental” mutual recognition arrangements)。 Accreditation procedures for qualifying conformity assessment bodies. Government designation of conformity assessment bodies. Key benefits for the Parties? traders : Firms do not need to test and certify products several times. Products are tested and certified before export, and can thus enter the other Parties? markets directly without having to undergo duplicative conformity assessments. Transparency .Notification before their adoption of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures (to allow for ments by the other Parties or traders). Publication of adopted technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. Set up of national/regional enquiry points for traders. Request for the notifying Party to provide an explanation as to why international standards have not been used where existent. Participation by legal persons of other Parties in the elaboration of regulations and standards. Key benefits for the Parties? traders : Firms are aware of the regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures they need to ply with in order to enter other Parties? markets and in some cases, can ment on or participate in the elaboration of other Parties? regulations and standards . The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade The WTO Agreement on TBT expands and strengthens the scope and coverage of international disciplines on technical regulations and standards and provides a prehensive set of guidelines for 14 the regulation of TBT. 8 Because the WTO requires all its Members to adhere to the WTO TBT Agreement, a much larger number of countries are bound by its obligations than those that mitted to the Standards Code (Kotschwar, 2021). The WTO TBT Agreement aims to ensure that both product and processingrelated technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade, while recognising countries? rights to adopt product standards and regulations they consider appropriate.