【正文】 . F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost pletely 10 by their surroundings. The behaviorists39。 view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to 11 stimuli(刺激) as the basis of their behaviour. Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are 12 . In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists, 13 , say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same 14 that whites do. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it is quite 15 that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.1. A. sensitiveB. productiveC. petitiveD. aggressive2. A. moderatelyB. extremelyC. reluctantlyD. scarcely3. A. distinctB. reliableC. relevantD. equal4. A. objectorsB. operatorsC. opponentsD. advocates5. A. claimB. supportC. resolveD. inherit6. A. pletelyB. largelyC. thoroughlyD. merely7. A. sensitiveB. openC. centralD. subject8. A. abilitiesB. capacitiesC. personalitiesD. instincts9. A. expertsB. scientistsC. environmentalistsD. behaviorists10. A. shapedB. dominatedC. oppressedD. restricted11. A. environmentalB. biologicalC. geneticD. psychological12. A. temporaryB. slightC. fatalD. farreaching13. A. on the contraryB. as a wholeC. after allD. for instance14. A. habitsB. responsesC. characteristicsD. advantages15. A. necessaryB. impossibleC. unreasonableD. likely【答案】 （1）C；（2）B；（3）A；（4）D；（5）B；（6）B；（7）C；（8）D；（9）D；（10）A；（11）A；（12）D；（13）A；（14）B；（15）D； 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，論述了人的個性和智力是先天形成的還是受環(huán)境影響的兩種理論。 （1）考查形容詞。A. sensitive“敏感的”；B. productive“多產的”；C. petitive“競爭的”；D. aggressive“侵略性的，有進取心的”。此句與上文“why one person is intelligent and another is not”是并列的，空格處填的是與前面cooperative相對的詞，故選C。 （2）考查副詞。A. moderately“適度地”；B. extremely“極其，非常地”；C. reluctantly“不情愿地”；D. scarcely“幾乎不，簡直不”。社會科學家當然對這類問題非常感興趣。故選B。 （3）考查形容詞。A. distinct“明顯的”；B. reliable“可靠的”；C. relevant“相關的”；D. equal“平等的”。目前還沒有明確的答案，但在這個問題上已經形成了兩種截然不同的思想流派。選A。 （4）考查名詞。A. objectors“反對者”；B. operators“操作者”；C. opponents“對手”；D. advocates“提倡者”。正如人們可能預期的那樣，這兩種方法截然不同，而且每種理論的支持者之間存在著大量的爭論。根據文中的debate可知，應該是“支持者”之間的爭論，故選D。 （5）考查動詞。A. claim“要求，聲稱”；B. support“支持”；C. resolve“溶解”；D. inherit“繼承”。那些支持沖突“本性”一面的人認為，我們的個性和行為模式在很大程度上是由生物因素決定的。根據文中的believe可知，這里應該是指“支持者”，故選B。 （6）考查副詞。A. pletely“完全地”；B. largely“主要地，大部分”；C. thoroughly“徹底地”；D. merely“僅僅，只不過”。那些支持沖突“本性”一面的人認為，我們的個性和行為模式在很大程度上是由生物因素決定的。故選B。 （7）考查形容詞。A. sensitive“敏感的”；B. open“公開的”；C. central“中心的”；D. subject“服從的”。我們的環(huán)境與我們的能力、特征和行為幾乎沒有任何關系，這對這一理論是極為重要的。be central to“對……極為重要的”，故選C。 （8）考查名詞。A. abilities“能力”；B. capacities“性能”；C. personalities“人格，個性”；D. instincts“本能”。極端地說，這個理論認為，我們的行為在很大程度上是預先決定的，以至于我們幾乎完全受本能的支配。by our instincts固定短語，“通過我們的本能”，故選D。 （9）考查名詞。A. experts“專家”；B. scientists“科學家”；C. environmentalists“環(huán)保人士”；D. behaviorists“行為主義者”?！昂筇炫囵B(yǎng)”理論的支持者，或者如他們通常所說的，行為主義者，聲稱在決定我們如何行動時，我們的環(huán)境比我們基于生物學的本能更重要。故選D。 （10）考查動詞。A. shaped“發(fā)展，成形，塑造”；B. dominated“控制，統(tǒng)治”；C. oppressed“壓迫，折磨”；D. restricted“限制”。行為學家B. F. Skinner認為，人類的行為幾乎完全是由周圍環(huán)境塑造的。此處shape的意思是“塑造，成形”，故選A。 （11）考查形容詞。A. environmental“環(huán)境的”；B. biological“生物的”；C. genetic“遺傳的”；D. psychological“心理學的”。他們指出，就像機器一樣，人類對環(huán)境刺激的反應是其行為的基礎。故選A。 （12）考查形容詞。A. temporary“臨時的”；B. slight“輕微的”；C. fatal“致命的，重大的”；D. farreaching“深遠的”。在社會和政治上，這兩種理論的影響是深遠的。故選D。 （13）考查固定短語。A. on the contrary“相反”；B. as a whole“總的來說”；C. after all“畢竟，終究”；D. for instance“例如”。相反，行為主義者認為，分數(shù)上的差異是由于這樣一個事實，即黑人常常被剝奪了白人享有的許多教育和其他環(huán)境方面的優(yōu)勢，因此，他們的反應與白人不同。故選A。 （14）考查名詞。A. habits“習慣”；B. responses“回應”；C. characteristics“特性”；D. advantages“優(yōu)勢”。相反，行為主義者認為，分數(shù)上的差異是由于這樣一個事實，即黑人常常被剝奪了白人享有的許多教育和其他環(huán)境方面的優(yōu)勢，因此，他們的反應與白人不同。故選B。 （15）考查形容詞。A. necessary“必要的”；B. impossible“不可能的”；C. unreasonable“不合理的”；D. likely“很可能的”。事實上，我們行為的關鍵很可能就在這兩個極端之間，爭議肯定會持續(xù)很長一段時間。It is likely that…，固定句式，“很可能”，故選D。 【點評】本題考點涉及動詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞，固定短語等多個知識點的考查，是一篇科普類閱讀，要求考生在理解細節(jié)信息的基礎上，進一步根據上下文的邏輯關系，進行分析推理，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，故答案選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。 The job of raising children is a tough one. Children don39。t e with an instruction manual(說明書).And each child is 1 .So parents sometimes pull their hair out in frustration, not 2 what to do. But in raising children, what we do is 3 by our culture. Naturally then, American parents teach their children basic American 4 . To Americans, the goal of parents is to help children 5 on their own feet. From 6 , each child may get his or her own room. As children grow, they get more 7 to make their own choices. 8 choose their own forms of entertainment, as well as the friends to 9 them with. When they 10 young adulthood, they choose their own jobs and marriage 11 .Of course, many young adults still 12 their parents39。 advice and approval for the choices they make. But once they “l(fā)eave the 13 ” at around 18 to 21 years old, they want to be on their own, not 14 to their mothers39。 apron strings(圍裙帶). The relationship between parents and children in America is very informal. American parents 15 their children as individuals—not as extensions of themselves. They 16 them to achieve their own dreams. Americans praise, encourage and give their children the 17 to succeed. When children bee adults, their parents bees more like 18 .But 19 to popular belief, most adult Americans don39。t make their parents pay for room and boa