【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 美學(xué)的因素范圍蠕變，更復(fù)雜的道路設(shè)計(jì)方法，拓寬路面 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)之江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯 的途徑，增加了更多的成本建筑治療范圍蠕變。,422,000美元的支出。荷蘭也決定替代鑄鋼為鑄鐵增加強(qiáng)度和安全因素的多隧道范圍蠕變。最后，在新澤西的通風(fēng)井不得不重新設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)，隨著他們的付出的代價(jià)，因?yàn)橐庀氩坏?00,000美元的土地條件，超過(guò)估計(jì)。新的資金撥款，它被認(rèn)為足以完成項(xiàng)目，但到了二月，另一項(xiàng)增加3,200,000美元，隧道申請(qǐng)另外3,200,000美元。委員會(huì)解釋說(shuō)，這是新的成本是由于增加成本挑戰(zhàn)勞動(dòng)和材料成本控制。這時(shí)荷蘭總工程師死于心臟衰竭，他的助手，Milton 。Ole Singstad，設(shè)計(jì)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)師便成了總工程師并且把項(xiàng)目完成。有三個(gè)不同的總工程師，耗費(fèi)5個(gè)月是可以遇見混亂。1924年4月份，水從一個(gè)裂縫沖進(jìn)其中一個(gè)隧道，迫使工人匆忙逃跑的意外情況。最后一筆專用款項(xiàng)被使用在早期1927年工程，總造價(jià)48,400,000美元。1927年11月13日隧道正式投入使用。隧道建造工作開始于7年前。方法論增長(zhǎng)的成本因素導(dǎo)致項(xiàng)目成本增長(zhǎng)已通過(guò)大樣本的研究記錄，研究證實(shí)了單獨(dú)或團(tuán)體。每個(gè)因子的概念，提出了一種挑戰(zhàn)，一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)項(xiàng)目的成本估計(jì)準(zhǔn)確。作為一項(xiàng)大型研究試圖提高成本預(yù)算和成本管理的概念，從項(xiàng)目的投標(biāo)的一天，一個(gè)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行徹底的了鑒定費(fèi)用估計(jì)影響因素等（2006）。文獻(xiàn)包括勘探研究報(bào)告、出版物、政府報(bào)告、新聞文章，和其他公開來(lái)源?？⒐ず蟮奈墨I(xiàn)回顧的因素進(jìn)行了分析和分類的人員進(jìn)入成本因素所經(jīng)歷的交通建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的增加。這是由三角在多個(gè)調(diào)查者或資料來(lái)源暗示同一因素。這種分類方法把個(gè)人因素,在先前的研究已經(jīng)確定，并建立了全球框架，用于解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的工程造價(jià)升級(jí)。在最后的分類的成本因素框架是通過(guò)驗(yàn)證升級(jí)的數(shù)據(jù)，從采訪了三角法等20多個(gè)國(guó)家SHAS公路部門先前的工程支持識(shí)別的因素包括電話采訪了50個(gè)沙斯黨等面談的準(zhǔn)備和測(cè)試儀器是最初在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采訪兩個(gè)沙斯黨。修訂后的采訪樂(lè)器被送到了沙斯黨面談前，以便他們能準(zhǔn)備。在隨訪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)為五個(gè)人訪談和通過(guò)沙斯黨通過(guò)一組“同伴交流”剩下的隨訪電話。在所有情況下，研究人員追蹤采訪的協(xié)議，以確保在數(shù)據(jù)采集。結(jié)果分類的成本因素可以幫助升級(jí)項(xiàng)目業(yè)主和工程專業(yè)人員將注意力集中在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致成本估算不精確。成本因素的分類升級(jí)從分析方法生成的已有研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上，認(rèn)為面談來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)分類的成本的原因的規(guī)模。一個(gè)更好的理解成本因素是理解升級(jí)的部隊(duì)各因素的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素或者來(lái)源。在這層了解可能的設(shè)計(jì)策略，為應(yīng)對(duì)這些成本升級(jí)的因素。這個(gè)因素影響的評(píng)估中，每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目都是由自然發(fā)展階段的內(nèi)部和外部的因素在起作用，控制成本升級(jí)的機(jī)構(gòu)/業(yè)主為內(nèi)部，而現(xiàn)有的直接控制的因素外，該機(jī)構(gòu)/業(yè)主分為外部。這個(gè)報(bào)告的因素 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)之江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯為不應(yīng)被視為暗示一水平的影響并構(gòu)建提供了潛在的因素?？偨Y(jié)成邏輯劃分的因素，并幫助在可視化分類項(xiàng)目成本預(yù)算是如何影響。值得注意的一個(gè)因素，指出問(wèn)題勞動(dòng)和材料成本的估計(jì)，但是大部分的因素，是指出“影響項(xiàng)目范圍和影響”的時(shí)機(jī)。浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)之江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯Construction Project Cost Escalation Factors: Construction projects, private and public alike, have a long history of cost projects, which typically have long lead times between planning and construction, are historically underestimated, as shown through a review of the cost growth experienced with the Holland 50% of the active large transportation projects in the United States have overrun their initial large number of studies and research projects have identified individual factors that lead to increased project the factors identified can influence privately funded projects the effects are particularly detrimental to publicly funded public funds available for a pool of projects are limited and there is a backlog of critical infrastructure , if any project exceeds its budget other projects are dropped from the program or the scope is reduced to provide the funds necessary to cover the cost actions exacerbate the deterioration of a state’s transportation study is an anthology and categorization of individual cost increase factors that were identified through an indepth literature categorization of 18 primary factors which impact the cost of all types of construction projects was verified by interviews with over 20 state highway factors represent documented causes behind cost escalation who address these escalation factors when assessing future project cost and who seek to mitigate the influence of these factors can improve the accuracy of their cost estimates and program budgetsIntroduction：Historically large construction projects have been plagued by cost and schedule overruns Flyvbjerg et too many cases, the final project cost has been higher than the cost estimates prepared and released during initial planning, preliminary engineering, final design, or even at the start of construction “Mega projects need more study up front to avoid cost overruns.” The ramifications of differences between early project cost estimates and bid prices or the final cost of a project can be the time span between project initiation concept development and the pletion of construction many factors may influence the final project time span is normally several years in duration but for the highly plex and technologically challenging 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)之江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯projects it can easily exceed 10 face a major challenge in controlling project budgets over the time span between project initiation and the pletion of development of cost estimates that accurately reflect project scope, economic conditions, and are attuned to munity interest and the macroeconomic conditions provide a baseline cost that management can use to impart discipline into the design can be delivered on budget but that requires a good starting estimate, an awareness of factors that can cause cost escalation, and project management discipline is lacking, significant cost growth on one project can raze the larger program of projects because funds will not be available for future projects that are programmed for construction History—Holland Tunnel Case Study A history of past project experiences can serve one well in understanding the challenges of delivering a quality project on , the same problems cause project cost escalation and much wisdom can be gained by studying the Holland Tunnel was, when it opened in 1927, the longest underwater tunnel ever constructed and it was also the first mechanically ventilated underwater initial cost estimate was made by the renowned civil engineer George Washington review of the Holland Tunnel project serves to highlight the critical issues associated with estimating the costs of large plex projects and the fact that even the most distinguished engineers have trouble assessing cost drivers beyond the physical characteristics of a times there is no recognition of the cost drivers operating outside the project’s physical joint New York and New Jersey mission in 1918 remended a transportation tunnel under the river “Urges new tunnel under the Hudson.” 1918?！癆sk nation to share in tunnel to Jersey.” automobile was emerging as the predominate means of transportation and it was decided that this tunnel should be for vehicular a result the tunnel would employ new ventilation technologies to purge the exhaust gases produced by the internal bustion designs were considered for the tunnel, most notably, one by the engineer recently responsible for finishing the Panama Canal, George Washington envisioned a single, bilevel tunnel with opposing traffic on each made a planning project cost estimate of $12 million and 3 years for War I had consumed much of the nation’s steel