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鹽水組!,Incidence of PPCD,第三十二頁,共六十九頁。,Evidence comparing albumin and dextran 70 and gelatin in largevolume paracentesis,Gin232。s et al. Gastroenterology 1996。 111: 1002–1010,Patients randomised to receive either albumin(n=97), dextran 70(n=93) or gelatin (n=polygeline)(99) 8 g per L removed 50% of dose within 2 hours of paracentesis 50% 6–8 hours after,≥5 L LVP,白蛋白組PPCD發(fā)生率明顯(m237。ngxiǎn)低于右旋糖苷組!,p=0.04,p=0.02,第三十三頁,共六十九頁。,European guidelines for LVP,EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatol 2010。 53: 397–417,LVP is the firstline therapy for grade 3 ascites,LVP should be completed in a single session,Albumin (8 g/L ascitic fluid removed) should be administered to prevent PPCD LVP 5 L: albumin must be used。 other plasma expanders are less effective at preventing PPCD LVP 5 L: risk of PPCD is low but albumin is recommended推薦(tuīji224。n)使用,Diuretics should be given after LVP to prevent reaccumulation of ascites,第三十四頁,共六十九頁。,American guidelines for LVP,Runyon et al. Hepatology 2009。 49: 2087–2107,Therapeutic abdominal paracentesis should be performed in patients with tense ascites,Albumin should be administered when 5 L ascitic fluid are removed albumin dose 8 g/L of fluid removed,The underlying cause of ascites should be addressed LVP should be followed by dietary restriction and diuretic therapy to reverse sodium retention and prevent fluid reaccumulation,第三十五頁,共六十九頁。,Home treatment of ascites with albumin,Treatment of ascites with albumin can be prolonged A Delphi study sought consensus on several issues surrounding the use of albumin, including its use at home following discharge from hospital It was agreed that benefits of domiciliary albumin could include reduced rate of ascites relapse improved response to diuretics enhanced quality of life decreased need for hospitalisation,Gentilini et al. Dig Liver Dis 2004。 36: 539–346,第三十六頁,共六十九頁。,小 結(jié),腹水的形成提示預(yù)后不良(b249。li225。ng)。 LVP是3級腹水的一線治療。 LVP后同時應(yīng)用血漿擴容劑對預(yù)防PPCD至關(guān)重要。,第三十七頁,共六十九頁。,白蛋白在肝硬化并發(fā)癥的治療(zh236。li225。o),難治性腹水大容量穿刺后循環(huán)功能障礙的防治 自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎治療中腎損傷(sǔnshāng)的預(yù)防 肝腎綜合征治療中血管收縮的輔助用藥,第三十八頁,共六十九頁。,自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎(SBP),SBP 又稱原發(fā)性或特發(fā)性腹膜炎,指在腹腔內(nèi)或鄰近組織(zǔzhī)內(nèi)沒有感染源(如腹腔膿腫、急性胰腺炎、膽囊炎、腸穿孔等)情況下發(fā)生的腹膜急性彌漫性細菌感染。 肝硬化是發(fā)生SBP最常見的基礎(chǔ)疾病。 也可發(fā)生于急性肝衰竭及腎病綜合征或晚期腫瘤伴大量腹水的患者。,第三十九頁,共六十九頁。,自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎(SBP),SBP 是肝硬化腹水(f249。shuǐ)常見而嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率高達10%25%,國際腹水俱樂部的統(tǒng)計資料是10%30%。 重型肝炎SBP發(fā)生率17.7%47%,預(yù)后較肝硬化SBP更差。 臨床表現(xiàn)可為典型的腹膜炎,也可完全無癥狀。 易漏診,預(yù)后差,病死率高。,第四十頁,共六十九頁。,自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎(SBP),診斷主要依靠(yīk224。o)診斷性腹腔穿刺后腹水多形核細胞計數(shù)和腹水培養(yǎng)。 腹水培養(yǎng)陽性率低,國外報道40%,國內(nèi)更低 腹水PMN計數(shù)最敏感的臨界值 ( 0.25x109/L) 最特異的臨界值0.5x109/L 推薦對肝硬化腹水患者進行診斷性腹腔穿刺進行篩查。,第四十一頁,共六十九頁。,SBP腎損害(sǔnh224。i),1/3的SBP患者發(fā)生腎功能損害。 腎功能的惡化與RAAS激活,腎臟血管收縮,有效灌注不足有關(guān)。 因此擴容治療(zh236。li225。o)可能獲益。,1Follo et al. Hepatology 1994。 20: 1495–1501。 2Navasa et al. Hepatology 1998。 27: 1227–1232。 3Sort et al. N Engl J Med 1999。 341: 403–409,第四十二頁,共六十九頁。,Effects of albumin infusion on renal impairment in SBP,Sort et al. N Engl J Med 1999。 341: 403–409,第四十三頁,共六十九頁。,Results: 白蛋白聯(lián)合抗生素(頭孢噻肟) 有效預(yù)防(y249。f225。ng)了SBP腎損害!降低了在院以及3個月死亡率!,Sort et al. N Engl J Med 1999。 341: 403–409,Patients (%),p=0.002,p=0.01,p=0.03,21/63,6/63,18/63,6/63,14/63,26/63,第四十四頁,共六十九頁。,Albumin infusion in SBP,SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis。 RCTs, randomised controlled trials Salerno et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013。 11: 123–130,第四十五頁,共六十九頁。,Results : Albumin infusion in SBP,SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis。 RCT, randomised controlled trials。 AASLD, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Salerno et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013。 11: 123–130,This metaanalysis provides the basis for a Level A recommendation that patients with SBP should be treated with albumin,Albumin infusion decreased the incidence of renal impairment and mortality in patients with SBP,European guidelines recommend all patients with SBP should receive albumin infusion until further evidence is available2,第四十六頁,共六十九頁。,小 結(jié),肝硬化腹水住院患者中,SBP發(fā)生率10%。 腎損害(sǔnh224。i)是SBP的常見并發(fā)癥。 白蛋白輸注預(yù)防SBP患者腎衰竭的發(fā)生。