【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 s of the awful inequities in the worldthe appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of ，根本沒有意識(shí)到這個(gè)世界是多么的不平等。人類在健康、財(cái)富和機(jī)遇上的不平等大得可怕，它們使得無數(shù)的人們被迫生活在絕望之中。I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing ，根本不知道在這個(gè)國家里，有幾百萬的年輕人無法獲得接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。我也不知道，發(fā)展中國家里有無數(shù)的人們生活在無法形容的貧窮和疾病之中。It took me decades to find 。You graduates came to Harvard at a different know more about the world39。s inequities than the classes that came your years here, I hope you39。ve had a chance to think about howin this age of accelerating technologywe can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve ，你們是在與我不同的時(shí)代來到哈佛的。你們比以前的學(xué)生，更多地了解世界是怎樣的不平等。在你們的哈佛求學(xué)過程中，我希望你們已經(jīng)思考過一個(gè)問題，那就是在這個(gè)新技術(shù)加速發(fā)展的時(shí)代，我們怎樣最終應(yīng)對這種不平等，以及我們怎樣來解決這個(gè)問題。Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a causeand you wanted to spend that time and money Where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving would you spend it? 為了討論的方便，請想象一下，假如你每個(gè)星期可以捐獻(xiàn)一些時(shí)間、每個(gè)月可以捐獻(xiàn)一些錢——你希望這些時(shí)間和金錢，可以用到對拯救生命和改善人類生活有最大作用的地方。你會(huì)選擇什么地方？For Melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we （注：蓋茨的妻子）和我來說，這也是我們面臨的問題：我們?nèi)绾文軐⑽覀儞碛械馁Y源發(fā)揮出最大的作用。During our discussions on this question, Melinda and I read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries From diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this , malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis B, yellow disease I had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a million kids each year ? none of them in the United ，Melinda和我讀到了一篇文章，里面說在那些貧窮的國家，每年有數(shù)百萬的兒童死于那些在美國早已不成問題的疾病。麻疹、瘧疾、肺炎、乙型肝炎、黃熱病、還有一種以前我從未聽說過的輪狀病毒，這些疾病每年導(dǎo)致50萬兒童死亡，但是在美國一例死亡病例也沒有。We were had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save it did under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren39。t being 。我們想，如果幾百萬兒童正在死亡線上掙扎，而且他們是可以被挽救的，那么世界理應(yīng)將用藥物拯救他們作為頭等大事。但是事實(shí)并非如此。那些價(jià)格還不到一美元的救命的藥劑，并沒有送到他們的手中。If you believe that every life has equal value, it39。s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are said to ourselves: “This can39。t be if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.” 如果你相信每個(gè)生命都是平等的，那么當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)某些生命被挽救了，而另一些生命被放棄了，你會(huì)感到無法接受。我們對自己說：“事情不可能如此。如果這是真的，那么它理應(yīng)是我們努力的頭等大事?！盨o we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin asked: “How could the world let these children die?” 所以，我們用任何人都會(huì)想到的方式開始工作。我們問：“這個(gè)世界怎么可以眼睜睜看著這些孩子死去？”The answer is simple, and market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the ，也很令人難堪。在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中，拯救兒童是一項(xiàng)沒有利潤的工作，政府也不會(huì)提供補(bǔ)助。這些兒童之所以會(huì)死亡，是因?yàn)樗麄兊母改冈诮?jīng)濟(jì)上沒有實(shí)力，在政治上沒有能力發(fā)出聲音。But you and I have ，你們和我在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有實(shí)力，在政治上能夠發(fā)出聲音。We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalism ? if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who are suffering From the worst also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the ，如果我們能夠設(shè)計(jì)出一種更有創(chuàng)新性的資本主義制度——如果我們可以改變市場，讓更多的人可以獲得利潤，或者至少可以維持生活——那么，這就可以幫到那些正在極端不平等的狀況中受苦的人們。我們還可以向全世界的政府施壓，要求他們將納稅人的錢，花到更符合納稅人價(jià)值觀的地方。If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the task is can never be a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change the ，既可以幫到窮人，又可以為商人帶來利潤，為政治家?guī)磉x票，那么我們就找到了一種減少世界性不平等的可持續(xù)的發(fā)展道路。這個(gè)任務(wù)是無限的。它不可能被完全完成，但是任何自覺地解決這個(gè)問題的嘗試，都將會(huì)改變這個(gè)世界。I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no say: “Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end ? because people just…don39。t…care.” I pletely ，我是樂觀的。但是，我也遇到過那些感到絕望的懷疑主義者。他們說：“不平等從人類誕生的第一天就存在，到人類滅亡的最后一天也將存在。——因?yàn)槿祟悓@個(gè)問題根本不在乎?！蔽彝耆荒芡膺@種觀點(diǎn)。I believe we have more caring than we know what to do ，問題不是我們不在乎，而是我們不知道怎么做。All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothingnot because we didn39。t care, but because we didn39。t know what to we had known how to help, we would have ，生命中總有這樣或那樣的時(shí)刻，目睹人類的悲劇，感到萬分傷心。但是我們什么也沒做，并非我們無動(dòng)于衷，而是因?yàn)槲覀儾恢雷鍪裁春驮趺醋?。如果我們知道如何做是有效的，那么我們就?huì)采取行動(dòng)。The barrier to change is not too little caring。it is too much ，并非人類的冷漠，而是世界實(shí)在太復(fù)雜。To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the plexity blocks all three ，我們需要找到問題，發(fā)現(xiàn)解決辦法的方法以及評(píng)估后果。但是世界的復(fù)雜性使得這三步都難于做到。If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we e to the second step: cutting through the plexity to find a ，也不過是邁出了第一步，接著還有第二步：那就是從復(fù)雜的事件中找到解決辦法。Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks “How can I help?,” then we can get actionand we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is plexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who caresand that makes it hard for their caring to ，我們就必須找到解決辦法。如果我們有一個(gè)清晰的和可靠的答案，那么當(dāng)任何組織和個(gè)人發(fā)出疑問“如何我能提供幫助”的時(shí)候，我們就能采取行動(dòng)。我們就能夠保證不浪費(fèi)一丁點(diǎn)全世界人類對他人的關(guān)心。但是，世界的復(fù)雜性使得很難找到對全世界每一個(gè)有愛心的人都有效的行動(dòng)方法，因此人類對他人的關(guān)心往往很難產(chǎn)生實(shí)際效果。Cutting through plexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highestleverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already havewhether it39。s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a ，可以分為四個(gè)步驟：確定目標(biāo)，找