第10章_寡頭壟斷和壟斷競爭(編輯修改稿)
2025-03-26 01:06 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 erences between oligopoly and monopolistic petition. ?1. A monopolistically petitive industry is relatively unconcentrated. ?2. Collusions are impossible. ?3. There is no feeling of mutual interdependence among firms. 33 回顧多數(shù)競爭與少數(shù)競爭差異 1人 少數(shù) 多數(shù) 無數(shù) 壟斷 寡頭 壟斷競爭 完全競爭 盯住對手 關(guān)注自己 34 短期和長期的盈利 ?In the short run, monopolistic petitors may well earn monopoly profits under certain circumstances. ?In long run equilibrium, economic profits in the industry will be driven to zero – just as in perfect petition. 35 壟斷競爭企業(yè)的短期定價 從短期來看，壟斷競爭企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤可能大于零。 Quantity Price MC AC MR Profit d d 36 如果利潤為正 壟斷競爭 行業(yè) 自由進(jìn)入 需求 同時，利潤 市場份額減少 37 如果利潤為負(fù) 壟斷競爭 行業(yè) 需求 同時，利潤 自由退出 市場份額增加 38 壟斷競爭企業(yè)的長期均衡 從長期來看，壟斷競爭企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤等于零。 Quantity Price MC AC MR d d 39 A ?Productive efficiency is not realized because production occurs at point A where the average total cost exceeds the minimum attainable (可達(dá)到的 ) cost. 40 A ? In the longrun equilibrium for monopolistic petition, prices are above marginal costs but economic profits have been driven down to zero. ? Some critics believe that monopolistic petition is inherently (固有地 ) inefficient, even though profits are zero in the long run. 41 非價格競爭和過度廣告 ?The fact that the monopolistic petition is both allocatively and productively inefficient relative to the perfect petition result is not the only problem with market performance. ?At least some economists argue that monopolistic petition leads to both excessive advertising and needless brand proliferation (增殖 ). 42 多樣化是好事 ? Reducing the number of monopolistic petitors, while cutting costs, might well end up lowering consumer welfare because it would reduce the diversity (多樣性 ) of available goods and services. 43 少數(shù)競爭 ? Competition among the few forces firms to take into account petitors’ reactions to price and output deviations (背離 ) and brings strategic (戰(zhàn)略的 ) considerations into their markets. ? This analysis is the province of game theory (博弈論 ). 44 博弈論 ? 少數(shù)競爭者之間具有互動性的行為或結(jié)果，應(yīng)該用博弈論的方法來研究。 ? 博弈論 （ game theory）是用于分析兩個和兩個以上的參與者在相互作用的情況下，選擇行動或策略及其影響的一種理論。 45 控制、創(chuàng)新和信息 46 說明 ? 這部分內(nèi)容講述實際經(jīng)濟(jì)中的一些特殊情形： ?大公司中的所有權(quán)與控制權(quán)分離； ?實際中的成本加成定價法； ?不完全競爭的創(chuàng)新作用； ?關(guān)于信息的一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)問題。 47 大公司的所有權(quán)與控制權(quán)分離 ? In 1996, more than million people owned ATT’ s shares. ? Because the stock of large panies is so widely dispersed (被分散的 ), ownership is typically divorced from control. 48 潛在利益沖突之一 ? First, insiders (內(nèi)部人員 ) may vote themselves large salaries, expense accounts, bonuses (獎金 ),
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