第10章_寡頭壟斷和壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)-在線瀏覽
2025-04-09 01:06本頁面
【正文】 firms as well as domestic panies. 21 合謀后的欺騙價(jià)值 產(chǎn)量 如果其他人保持價(jià)格不變 搞欺騙的企業(yè)的好處 價(jià)格 如果所有企業(yè)價(jià)格同時(shí)變化 22 ? 1973 和 1974 年間 , OPEC的成員聯(lián)合起來， 因美國(guó)支持以色列而對(duì)美國(guó)實(shí)施石油禁運(yùn)，導(dǎo)致油價(jià)達(dá)到原來的四倍多?？傊鞣矫娑疾扇×朔N種措施來減少對(duì)石油的需求。 與此同時(shí) 24 ? 更嚴(yán)重的問題不是來自石油供求方面的變化，而是 OPEC成員內(nèi)部大范圍的欺騙行為，象伊朗、伊拉克、利比亞等國(guó)。 除此之外 25 ? 在扣除物價(jià)變化的影響后， 1990年代的石油價(jià)格實(shí)際上低于 1970年代初 OPEC抬高油價(jià)之前的水平?？墒?， 1962年，美國(guó)鋼鐵公司宣布的一次漲價(jià)引起了許多顧客和政府高級(jí)官員，特別是肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的批評(píng)，使得它不大愿意再充當(dāng)價(jià)格領(lǐng)袖。 28 ? 新的模式是一家企業(yè)首先試探性地宣布價(jià)格變動(dòng)，然后美國(guó)鋼鐵公司通過其反應(yīng)或者對(duì)這種變動(dòng)予以確認(rèn)，或者加以拒絕。因此，它秘密地對(duì)大顧客降價(jià)。在 3周內(nèi)，所有其他主要鋼鐵生產(chǎn)者，包括美國(guó)鋼鐵公司在內(nèi)，都跟隨伯利恒公司降價(jià)。因此，美國(guó)鋼鐵公司宣布將提高價(jià)格，表示愿意停止價(jià)格戰(zhàn)。美國(guó)鋼鐵公司很快把價(jià)格降到伯利恒公司的水平。所有其他主要生產(chǎn)者很快跟上，行業(yè)紀(jì)律得到了恢復(fù)。 30 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ? Monopolistic petition resembles perfect petition in three ways: ? 1. There many buyers and sellers, ? 2. Entry and exit are easy, ? 3. Firms take other firms’ prices as given. 31 產(chǎn)品差異的需求特點(diǎn) ? The difference from perfect petition is product differentiation (產(chǎn)品差異 ). ? Product differentiation leads to a downward slope in each seller’ s demand curve. 32 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與寡頭的比較 ? There are three key differences between oligopoly and monopolistic petition. ?1. A monopolistically petitive industry is relatively unconcentrated. ?2. Collusions are impossible. ?3. There is no feeling of mutual interdependence among firms. 33 回顧多數(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與少數(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)差異 1人 少數(shù) 多數(shù) 無數(shù) 壟斷 寡頭 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 盯住對(duì)手 關(guān)注自己 34 短期和長(zhǎng)期的盈利 ?In the short run, monopolistic petitors may well earn monopoly profits under certain circumstances. ?In long run equilibrium, economic profits in the industry will be driven to zero – just as in perfect petition. 35 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)的短期定價(jià) 從短期來看，壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)可能大于零。 Quantity Price MC AC MR d d 39 A ?Productive efficiency is not realized because production occurs at point A where the average total cost exceeds the minimum attainable (可達(dá)到的 ) cost. 40 A ? In the longrun equilibrium for monopolistic petition, prices are above marginal costs but economic profits have been driven down to zero. ? Some critics believe that monopolistic petition is inherently (固有地 ) inefficient, even though profits are zero in the long run. 41 非價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和過度廣告 ?The fact that the monopolistic petition is both allocatively and productively inefficient relative to the perfect petition result is not the only problem with market performance. ?At least some economists argue that monopolistic petition leads to both excessive advertising and needless brand proliferation (增殖 ). 42 多樣化是好事 ? Reducing the number of monopolistic petitors, while cutting costs, might well end up lowering consumer welfare because it would reduce the diversity (多樣性 ) of available goo
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