第10章_寡頭壟斷和壟斷競爭(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 Age oligopolists (市場供應(yīng)壟斷者 ) in the early years of American capitalism. ? These oligopolists formed trusts or cartels (托拉斯或卡特爾 ) to set prices. 13 美國的反托拉斯法 ? 《謝爾曼法》是在 1890年通過的， 100多年來基本未變。 ? 輪到中標(biāo)的公司給出比競爭狀況下要高的投標(biāo)價(jià)格，而沒輪到中標(biāo)的公司則投出更高的價(jià)格，以保證約定的公司中標(biāo)。 甚至不惜爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭。這一行動(dòng)很快被伯利恒鋼鐵公司察覺，伯利恒公司就把鋼鐵價(jià)格從每噸 。注意，每噸125美元的價(jià)格比原來的 。 53 成本加成定價(jià) ? 成本加成定價(jià)：在定價(jià)實(shí)踐中，使用最多的是一種叫做成本加成的定價(jià)方法。 61 動(dòng)態(tài)效率 ? Dynamic efficiency measures the rate of technological change and innovation in an industry. 62 相反的觀點(diǎn) ? While the monopolist may have deep pockets (財(cái)富 ) to spend on developing new technologies, that same monopolist has little incentive (動(dòng)機(jī) ) in the absence of petitors to introduce the technology so technological progress is actually slowed. 63 信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) ? Because information is costly to produce but cheap to reproduce, markets in information are subject to severe market failures (市場失靈 ). ? The inability of firms to capture the full moary value of their inventions (發(fā)明 ) is called inappropriability (非專用性 ). 64 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán) ? The purpose of intellectual property rights (知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán) ) is to give the owner special protection against the material being copied and used by others without pensation (補(bǔ)償 ) to the owner or original creator (創(chuàng)作者 ). 65 專利 ? Patent is a monopoly over the use of an invention conveyed (轉(zhuǎn)讓 ) by a government for a limited period of time, currently 20 years. ? The government increase the degree of appropriability (專用性 ) and thereby increase the incentives for people to invent useful new products. 66 說明 ? 專利是關(guān)于壟斷與競爭優(yōu)劣之爭的一個(gè)最好的例子。 MR A 71 說明 ? 用圖中三角形面積量度凈福利損失 (deadweight loss，無謂的損失 )應(yīng)滿足以下條件： ?沒有外部性； ?人們的貨幣開支是合理的； ?其他行業(yè)是完全競爭的。 68 不完全競爭的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表 69 不完全競爭的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本 100 200 MC=AC D D Output Price, MC, AC 6 當(dāng)沒有外部性時(shí)，定價(jià) 100，有 P = MC，表示社會(huì)生產(chǎn)某物品付出的邊際成本等于消費(fèi)該物品所得到的邊際效用。 ? 熊彼特關(guān)于企業(yè)越大，創(chuàng)新投入越多的見解并不是沒有爭議的。 47 大公司的所有權(quán)與控制權(quán)分離 ? In 1996, more than million people owned ATT’ s shares. ? Because the stock of large panies is so widely dispersed (被分散的 ), ownership is typically divorced from control. 48 潛在利益沖突之一 ? First, insiders (內(nèi)部人員 ) may vote themselves large salaries, expense accounts, bonuses (獎(jiǎng)金 ), and generous retirement pensions (退休金 ) at the stockholders’ expense. 49 潛在利益沖突之二 ? Second, the managers of a pany have an understandable tendency to hold on to profits and use them to expand the size of the pany instead of paying them out as dividends. 50 潛在利益沖突之三 ? Third, managers are often primarily interested in maintaining the smooth operation of the anization rather than running major risks and making revolutionary changes. ? Howe
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