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aven. ? 3. Heaven is irresistableHeavenly Fate. 24 33 His Philosophy of Life ? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others. ? 己所不欲,勿施于人 ? Keep what you say and carry out what you do. ? 言必信,行必果 ? Is it not delightful to have friends ing from distant quarters? ? 有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎? ? The most valuable use of the rites is to achieve harmony. ? 禮之用,和為貴 ? All Men Are Brothers. ? 四海之內(nèi)皆兄弟 24 34 His Philosophy of Life ? A Son should not stray far from his parents while they are alive . ? 父母在不遠(yuǎn)游 24 35 His Philosophy of Life ? If a man take no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand. ? 人無遠(yuǎn)慮,必有近憂 ? Those whose courses are different cannot lay plans for one another. ? 道不同,不相為謀 24 36 Translation ? 儒家學(xué)說為春秋時期孔丘所創(chuàng),倡導(dǎo)血親人倫、現(xiàn)世事功、修身存養(yǎng)、道德理性,其中心思想是孝、悌、忠、信、禮、義、廉、恥,其核心是 “仁 ”。儒家學(xué)說經(jīng)歷代統(tǒng)治者的推崇,以及孔子后學(xué)的發(fā)展和傳承,使其對中國文化的發(fā)展起了決定性的作用,在中國文化的深層觀念中,無不打著儒家思想的烙印。 24 37 孟子 Mencius (circa 371c. 288 BC), One cannot discuss Confucianism without at least mentioning the man the Chinese call The Second Sage . 24 38 Mencius 探索發(fā)現(xiàn) 跨越時空的文明 04 高清 .kux 24 39 Story of Mencius ?孟母三易其居教子 ?孟母斷布教子 ?五子說 24 40 24 41 孟子周游列國 24 42 孟子晚年著書立說:孟子 24 43 四書 ? 南宋時朱熹將 《 孟子 》 與 《 論語 》 、 《 大學(xué) 》 、《 中庸 》 合在一起稱“四書”。 ? 《 孟子 》 是四書中篇幅最大的部頭最重的一本,有三萬五千多字,從此直到清末,“四書”一直是科舉必考內(nèi)容。 24 44 1. Politics 2. Ethics Mencius’ thought 24 45 1. Politics Mencius’ thought 24 46 a) A peopleoriented thoughts 以人為本 The people are the most highly valued, next e the gods of the land and grain, the sovereign is light. 民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。 24 47 誰將孟子搬出了孔廟? 《 孟子 》 里有一句“民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕?!? 與老百姓和國家相比,國君最不重要。 這句話惹毛了朱元璋。他大發(fā)雷霆,宣布罷免孟子配享孔廟,將孟子的牌位撤出孔廟,誰也不許上奏反對,否則以“大不敬”罪處死。 24 48 孟子繼承和發(fā)展了孔子的德治思想,發(fā)展為仁政學(xué)說,成為其政治思想的核心。 孟子的政治論,是以仁政為內(nèi)容的王道。 b) the benevolent doctrine Develop the Confucius‘ theory of moral ideas. Mencius political theory: a benevolent reign by the ruler over his subjects. 24 49 2. Ethics Mencius’ thought 24 50 the innate goodness of the individual ? The human nature is good. ? 性善論 ? 在中國人性論史上,第一個提出性善論。 在他的思想體系中是一個中心環(huán)節(jié) . ? “ 性善論”是一套唯心主義的說法,不過,孟子以“性善論”為人們修養(yǎng)品德和行王道仁政的理論根據(jù);還具有一定程度的積極意義。 24 51 24 52 1. Thus, when Heaven is about to confer a great office on any man, it first exercises his mind with suffering, and his sinews and bones with toil. It exposes his body to hunger, and subjects him to extreme poverty. It confounds his undertakings. By all these methods it stimu