【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 egard to open coding, the central purpose of which is to open inquiry widely. Although interpretations, questions, and even possible answers may seem to emerge as researchers code, it is important to hold these as tentative at best. Contradictions to such early conclusions may emerge during the coding of the very next document. The more thorough analysis of the various concepts and categories will best be acplished after all of the material has been coded” (Berg, 1990). ? “ Inexperienced researchers, although they may intellectually understand the process described so far, usually bee lost at about this point in the actual process of coding. Some of the major obstacles which cause anguish include the socalled true or intended meaning of the sentence, and a desire to know the real motivation behind a clearly identifiable lie uttered by a subject. If the researchers can get beyond such concerns, the coding can continue. For the most part, such concerns are actually irrelevant to the open coding process, particularly with regard to open coding, the central purpose of which is to open inquiry widely. Although interpretations, questions, and even possible answers may seem to emerge as researchers code, it is important to hold these as tentative at best. Contradictions to such early conclusions may emerge during the coding of the very next document. The more thorough analysis of the various concepts and categories will best be acplished after all of the material has been coded” (Berg, 1990). IF YOU DEVELOP YOUR OWN CODE ? YOU LET THE DATA SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES GROUNDED THEORY IS ? an interplay of experience, induction, and deduction –1. initial systematic discovery of the theory from the data –2. application of the theory to the data Remember this FACT THEORY 0 0 0 0 0 revision 0 deduction induction NOW APPLY IT TO CONTENT ANALYSIS FACT THEORY READ TEXT revision 0 deduction induction READ AGAIN (expect something) Researcher examines newspaper orientations toward changes in seatbelt law! ? First, read each article and ask which ones favor and which against ? Was the decision to label an article pro or con based on the use of certain terms, on presentation of specific study findings, or because of statements offered by particular characters (who?)? ? Were the article39。s positions more clearly indicated by their manifest content or by some undertone? answers to these questions lead to inductive categories in which to slot various units of content and deductive application of the categories leads to more inductive categories ? “ If investigators have begun with specific empirical observations, they should attempt to develop explanations grounded in the data (grounded theory) and apply these theories to other empirical observations (deductive reasoning).” ? “ If they are attempting to test theory derived from previous research and previous inductive reasoning, their theoretical orientation should suggest empirical indicators of concepts (deductive reasoning).” Quotes (don’ t copy) specification of the content characteristics application of rules for counting those characteristics revision 0 deduction induction o o o o o Remember the hermaneutic circle or the hypothetico deductive approach One way to avoid the accusation that you’ re engaging in post hoc or circular reasoning is to: ? divide the data set in half ? develop the code on one half ? apply it to the other half Another way ? totally replicate the study ? “ you think I made it up or imagined it, watch I’ ll do it again!” SO GROUNDED THEORY IS AN: ? interaction of two processes: –specification of content characteristics –application of explicit rules for counting those characteristics specification of the content characteristics application of rules for counting those characteristics revision 0 deduction induction o o o o o As you apply the coding rules, you often find more characteristics to codeOR LESS (SEE NEXT EXAMPLE) DISCOVER MORE CHARACTERISTICS ? identified several themes on intake sheets ? set up a tally sheet, ? start to categorize criminal offenses declared by arresting officers ? discovered two distinct classes of crime 1. shoplifting , petty theft, and retail theft all referred to stealing of some type of store merchandise, usually not exceeding $ in value 2. the similar term petty larceny was used to describe the taking of cash whether from a retail establishment, a domicile, or an auto ? The intake sheets at first suggested 4 categories (shoplifting, petty theft, retail theft, petty larceny) Recent study evaluates effectiveness of Florida delinquency program! Strauss (1987) says believe everything and believe nothing while undertaking open coding ? he lists the following 4 guidelines: 1. Ask the data a specific and consistent set of questions. ? most general –What study are these data pertinent to? –what was the original objective of the research study? –original purpose of a study may not be acplished, and an alternative or unanticipated goal identified in the data. For example, ? Pearson (1987) evaluation of a New Jersey intensive probation supervision program original aim = demonstrate cost effectiveness ? objective indicators failed but indirect indicators suggested success – reports from relatives of probationers about changes in attitudes – spouse reported that her husband now sent childsupport payments – parent reported that child now showed personal responsibility by doing household chores Thus, Pearson (1987) points to an u