【文章內容簡介】 btain their data from annual corporate reports of 67 European insurance panies between 1995 and 2023. They code these data into six different temporal patterns of change using an innovative multiple sequence alignment method derived from the biological sciences and then show how regularity in ongoing anizational changes is associated with performance using statistical methods. 2. Bresman (2023) uses an interesting embedded multiple case design, focusing on two units in a pharmaceutical pany, and examining learning transferred among four successive projects occurring in each unit (for a total of eight units of analysis). His inductively derived fourphase process model of vicarious learning is replicated across all his cases. 3. Bruns (2023) replicates her model of collaborative research in two different settings involving multiple groups. 4. Maguire and Hardy (2023) also pare two different cases of risk assessment processes, showing how both incorporated similar bundles of normalizing and problematizing practices, but how the differential ordering of these practices led to different consequences for the construction of risk. 類型三 /四 ：多重整體性 /嵌入式案例 Ira Magaziner Mark Patinkin 所著的《 The Silent War: Inside the Global Business Battles Shaping American’s Future 》 其中一個個案 ——韓國的三星公司，這是一個關于使該公司具有競爭力的關鍵策略的個案。它包含一個嵌入式分析單元 ——以三星在微波爐上的發(fā)展作為說明的產品。 另一個個案是關于蘋果電腦制造商在新加坡的發(fā)展，是新加坡是國家更具競爭力的關鍵政策的個案研究。蘋果電腦公司制造商的經驗就是一個嵌入式分析單元。 多重嵌入式案例 類型三與四之間的差異決定于所研究現(xiàn)象的類型。 三、案例研究類型 40 四、案例研究程序 案例研究的程序 敘述目標 設定研 究路徑 搜集 資料 組織 數(shù)據(jù) 研究單位 及其特征、關系、歷程等的確定 研究單位如何選取？可用的資料來源有哪些？使用那些方法搜集數(shù)據(jù)？ 確定 有關資料的來源 整合成為一個完整結構的研究單位 撰寫結果報告 討論結果重要性 注意研究報告的種類、撰寫方式、說明結構 四、案例研究程序 Conducting Case Studies 1 ? Preparation for Data Collection ? The researcher should ? be able to ask good questions ? be a good listener ? be adaptive and flexible ? have a firm grasp of the issues being studied ? be unbiased by preconceived notions ? For the specific context of the case study and anization 四、案例研究程序 Conducting Case Studies 2 ? The researcher must be able to make intelligent decisions about the data being collected. ? This will require knowledge about ? why the study is being done。 ? what evidence is being sought。 ? what variations can be anticipated ? what would constitute supportive or contrary evidence for any given proposition ? Survey or interview designers also need to know the purpose of the survey and the nature of the analysis that will follow 四、案例研究程序 Case Study Protocol ? The protocol should include ? An overview of the case study project (project, substantive issues, relevant reading) ? Field procedures (how to gain access to interviewees, planning for sufficient resources, providing for unanticipated events etc) ? Case study questions (about individuals, multiple cases, entire study, normative questions about policy remendations and conclusions 四、案例研究程序 Pilot Case Study ? It may be sensible to conduct a smallscale pilot case study first so as to test procedures and protocols ? The pilot can be more convenient so as to train research team members and even act as a laboratory ? The research questions can be broader and less focused than the ultimate data collection plan. ? The pilot reports can provide lessons for both research design and field procedures 四、案例研究程序 六種證據(jù)來源 證據(jù)來源 優(yōu)點 缺點 文件 穩(wěn)定、非涉入式、確切的、范圍廣泛 可檢索性（可能低）；如果收集不完整，會產生有偏見的選擇；報告的偏見；使用的權力可能受限 檔案紀錄 同上，加之精確和量化的特點 同上，加之由于個人隱私權的原因而不易接觸 訪談 有目標的、見解深刻 因問題建構不佳而造成的偏見；回應的偏見；因無法回憶而產生的不正確性；反射現(xiàn)象 直接觀察 真實、包含情景的 消耗時間；節(jié)選過的；反射現(xiàn)象；成本較高 參與觀察 同上，加之對于人際間的行為和動機能有深刻的認識 同上，加之由于調查者操控事件所造成的偏見 實體物品 對于文化特征能有深刻的理解，對于技術的操作能有深刻的理解 節(jié)選過的；可取得性 四、案例研究程序 收斂的多重證據(jù)來源 事 實 文件 檔案記錄 開放式訪談 事實觀察 結構化訪談或調查 焦點訪談 資料來源： COSMOS Corporation 四、案例研究程序 Documents, Archives Artifacts ? Current anisational documents ? Policies, practices, templates ? Historical archive records ? Past practices, reports on past projects ? These two forms of data are useful for corroborating evidence from other sources ? Artifacts include physical objects like certificates, awards, etc. 四、案例研究程序 Interviews ? Case study interviews are usually openended ? Focused interviews can still be openended but involve following specific questions derived from the case study protocol ? More structured questions, along the lines of a formal survey. ? A structured interview would involve the sampling procedures and the instruments used in regular surveys, and it would subsequently be analyzed in a similar manner. 四、案例研究程序 Direct Observations ? By making a field visit to the cas