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n respect of, in the event that, in (the) case ,etc. 此外還常用些大詞,法律正式用詞等等。中文條款譯成英文條款時(shí),不運(yùn)用或不會(huì)運(yùn)用專業(yè)詞匯,譯文就顯不出其法律的權(quán)威性,只能算作普通譯文,不能稱作法律條文,也就是說(shuō)失去了法律條文的風(fēng)格。下面仍以評(píng)解的方法予以闡述: 第4條當(dāng)事人依法享有自愿訂立合同的權(quán)利,任何單位和個(gè)人不得非法干預(yù)。 譯文①:Parties shall enjoy the right to sign contracts on their own according to law, and no unit or individual shall interfere illegally unless legally authorized to do so. 評(píng): ★ enjoy: to have for one’s use, benefit, to take pleasure 之意帶有感情色彩,非正式用詞。 ★ to sign contracts。 sign: to place a sign to, to engage or hire 簽字,簽名。這是按照中文“簽合同”譯來(lái)的。簽訂合同的動(dòng)詞可以單獨(dú)用conclude or enter into ( a contract ),或者由下列幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的任意兩個(gè)的組合,即同義詞連用:sign, conclude, make, enter into (a contract ), 單獨(dú)用sign contract是不能表達(dá)簽訂合同之意。 ★ unless legally authorized to do so: 屬于加意,原文并無(wú)此意。 ★ according to: 非法律用語(yǔ),應(yīng)該正式用語(yǔ)in accordance with 譯文②:The parties shall, in accordance with the law, have the right to voluntarily conclude and enter into a contract. No unit or individual shall illegally interfere. 評(píng): ★ 譯文②避免了譯文①中的問(wèn)題。 第8條依法成立的合同,對(duì)當(dāng)事人具有法律約束力。當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定履行自己的義務(wù),不得擅自變更或者解除合同。 依法成立的合同,受法律保護(hù)。 譯文①: A contract concluded according to law shall be legally binding on the parties concerned. The parties shall perform the obligations stipulated in the contract. No party may unilaterally modify or rescind the contract. Contracts concluded legally are protected by law. 評(píng): ★ according to law: 非法律用語(yǔ), law應(yīng)加定冠詞,依法成立的,這個(gè)法不是任何法,而是相關(guān)的法律。 ★ The parties:是指簽訂合同的雙方,所以應(yīng)有所交待,有所限制,可用thereto限定,即:parties to the contract ★ “應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定”要進(jìn)行“語(yǔ)內(nèi)譯”即按照所制定的合同的條款條件、規(guī)定的內(nèi)容履行義務(wù),而不是約定這個(gè)動(dòng)作,行為。譯文中用stipulated 分詞來(lái)修飾contract, 不是法律正式用詞。即使表示“約定”行為也應(yīng)該用provide, specify等字。 ★ No party may……應(yīng)該用neither party,指合同雙方的任何一方,而不是泛指某一個(gè)參予者。 ★ 譯文中漏譯“自己的”義務(wù),“自己的”,經(jīng)“語(yǔ)內(nèi)譯”應(yīng)理解為“各自的”, contracts concluded legally are protected by 。 用legally來(lái)表明是依法成立的合同,使句子含糊不清,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)副詞既可以認(rèn)為是用來(lái)修飾concluded,也可以被誤認(rèn)為是用來(lái)修飾are protected最好排除發(fā)生歧義的可能性。 譯文②:If, in accordance with the law, a contract is made and concluded, the contract in question shall legally be binding on the parties thereto. The parties thereto shall, in accordance with the terms, conditions and provisions of the contract, perform their respective obligations. Neither party shall unilaterally modify or rescind the contract. The contract concluded and entered into under the law shall be protected by the law. 評(píng): ★ 以if從句譯出暗含的條件從句,處理句子結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。 ★ 用made and concluded同義詞連用,使contract鮮明 ★ 以in question 和thereto作明確限定,不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義或爭(zhēng)端 ★ 以respective明確各自的責(zé)任 ★ 以u(píng)nder the law短語(yǔ)表明按照法律,十分明確,under在法律條款里是正規(guī)用字,有根據(jù),按照,依照之意。 第14條要約是希望和他人訂立合同的意思表示,該意思表示應(yīng)當(dāng)符合下列規(guī)定: 一.內(nèi)容具體確定; 二.表明經(jīng)受要約人承諾,要約人即受該意思表示約束。 譯文①:Here offer means that one party expresses its wish to enter into a contract with the other party, and the wish expressed should include the following provisions: (1)The concrete contents are designated。 and (2)Once the offeree accepts the offer, the offerer shall be bound by the offer. 評(píng): ★ 法律條文中盡量避免用代詞,第一句中one party…its 都不恰當(dāng),不明確,最好想法避免。 ★ here offer means……的句式非法律語(yǔ)言 ★ wish 只是心中的愿望,與中文的“意思表示”尚有差 異“the wish expressed” 譯為該意思表示也不確切。 ★ should為非正式用語(yǔ),應(yīng)改為shall。 ★ include是包含,包括在內(nèi)之意,而不是符合某種規(guī)定之意,中文的“符合下列規(guī)定”的內(nèi)語(yǔ)譯應(yīng)是“遵守、遵循下列規(guī)定”之意,而不是包含之意。 ★ The concrete contents 只譯出了中文的字面意思,所謂“內(nèi)容具體確定”,經(jīng)過(guò)語(yǔ)內(nèi)譯應(yīng)理解為內(nèi)容詳細(xì)、全面、明確,受要約人通過(guò)要約不但明白要約人的真實(shí)意愿,而且還知道可能所要訂立的合同的一些主要條款。這里的“確定”講的是要約內(nèi)容確定,而不是動(dòng)作概念,所以譯成“具體的內(nèi)容被確定”與條款不符。 ★ Once不如in case 正式 譯文②:An offer refers to a proposal to make and enter into a contract with other parties. The proposal in question shall ply with the following provisions: (1)The contents thereof shall be detailed and definite。 (2)The proposal in question shall indicate that the offeror shall be bound by the offer in question in case the offer is accepted by the offeree thereto. 評(píng): ★ 譯文②用字明確,結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,避免發(fā)生歧義。 第15條要約邀請(qǐng)是希望他人向自己發(fā)出要約的意思表示。寄送的價(jià)目表、拍賣(mài)公告、招標(biāo)公告、控股說(shuō)明書(shū)、商業(yè)廣告等為要約邀請(qǐng)。 商業(yè)廣告的內(nèi)容符合要約規(guī)定的,視為要約。 注:要約邀請(qǐng)又稱為要約引誘,是希望他人向自己發(fā)出要約的表示,是當(dāng)事人訂立合同的予備行為,行為人在法律上不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。 譯文①:An offer invitation means that one party invites other parties to issue offers to it. An offer invitation includes, mailed or delivered by other means, price lists, auction announcements, tendering notices, the directions for raising capital by floating shares and mercial advertisements. Commercial advertisements whose content are in conformity with the provisions of offers shall be regarded as offers. 評(píng): ★ one party在法律語(yǔ)言中不適用,要盡量避免用。 ★ 用動(dòng)詞invite動(dòng)作概念太強(qiáng),產(chǎn)生一方要請(qǐng)另一方來(lái)發(fā)出要約的歧義。 ★ to issue offers to it, issue有發(fā)表,公布之意,易產(chǎn)生歧義,而且it意思不明確。★ An offer invitation includes……, 讓人認(rèn)為一份要約包括下列那些內(nèi)容,(進(jìn)行語(yǔ)內(nèi)譯的話)……的內(nèi)容都稱為要約。 有必要先解釋一下這幾個(gè)名詞: ★ 寄送價(jià)目表:,而不是要約。 ★ 拍賣(mài)公告:指拍賣(mài)人向競(jìng)買(mǎi)人發(fā)出的要求對(duì)方報(bào)價(jià)的文件,該文件記載著拍賣(mài)標(biāo)的物的名稱、質(zhì)量、數(shù)量、拍賣(mài)場(chǎng)所,拍賣(mài)日期等項(xiàng)目,因公布對(duì)象不定,不具備合同內(nèi)容,所以只能稱為要約邀請(qǐng),不能稱為要約。 ★ 招股說(shuō)明又稱招股章程,是表達(dá)募集股份的意思,并載有某些信息的文件,是要約邀請(qǐng)。 ★ 商業(yè)廣告,大家都熟悉,也是一種要約邀請(qǐng)。 ★ whose content…..可用于普通描述,不可用于條款。 譯文②:An invitation for offer refers to a proposal for requesting other parties to make offers to the principal. Price forms mailed or send, public notices of auction and tender, prospectuses and mercial advertisements, etc. shall be deemed to be an invitation for an offer. Where the contents of a mercial advertisement ply with the terms and provisions of the offer, the advertisement in question shall be deemed to be an offer. 評(píng): ★ invitation用的是派生名詞,抽象性強(qiáng)一些,invitation for offer: 要約邀請(qǐng) ★ to the principal: 指寄送要約邀請(qǐng)的人 ★ be deemed to (be/do): 被認(rèn)為,法律文件中的正式用語(yǔ),比“ be believed, be considered”正式 ★ where在文件中,常常不是指地方,不是引出地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,而是比if 肯定的條件句,實(shí)際上是強(qiáng)調(diào)如果在某種情況時(shí),表示處在……..情況下,環(huán)境中,條件下……等。 由于受限于篇幅,只能掛一漏萬(wàn),余者日后有機(jī)會(huì)再探討。 4. 動(dòng)詞的準(zhǔn)確性 合同法律語(yǔ)言為維護(hù)其準(zhǔn)確性、權(quán)威性,在用詞上除一些專業(yè)術(shù)