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在口語中或在長句中旬使用關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)If..., then...以加強前后的銜接。事實上此譯員經(jīng)常使用此關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu),以便于聽者理解。下面一例情況相似:例 只要雙方從大局出發(fā),從促進(jìn)國際市場的繁榮和穩(wěn)定出發(fā),大家都做一點讓步,那么達(dá)成協(xié)議是很有希望的。As long as the two sides make concessions out of the larger Interest and out of the larger interest of promoting prosperity and stability of the world market and trade, then I39。m very hopeful that we39。ll be able to reach an agreement.2.1.2 As..., so...例 從根本上來講,因為它是在南斯拉夫范圍之內(nèi)的一個問題,因此它是一個南斯拉夫的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。Fundamentally peaking, as the Kosovo question is within Yugoslavia, so it39。s an internal matter of Yugoslavia.As(Because)...,so...這一關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)雖然不太地道,但很便于聽眾理解。2.1.3 A1though...,yet...例 我們雖然還沒有進(jìn)入WTO, 但是我們的很多改革比我們原來承諾的還發(fā)展得更快。Although China is still not a member of the WTO, as a matter of fact, the results of many of our reforms have already gone beyond the mitments made by us.為了便于聽者輕松聽懂,可將“雖然……,但是……”口譯成英語中不太常用的關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu):Although..., yet(as a matter of face)...2.1.4 Both...and...例 所以我們希望國際社會在對待這個問題的時候,采取任何措施,既要有利于這個地區(qū)的和平私穩(wěn)定,又要防止避免干涉一個個國家的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。That39。s why we hope that any measure to be taken by the international munity in dealing with this situation should be both conducive to the regional peace and stability and should also be refraining from interfering in the internal affairs of the countries concerned.漢語主要講究意合,不講究形合,各種詞語很容易合在一起使用。漢語的詞性也很靈活,便于各種詞匯搭配使用。在使用“既要……又要……”這樣的關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)時,人們可以很輕松地填上各種詞匯,從而造出正確的句子。但英語語法比較死板,在both...and...結(jié)構(gòu)中必須填入詞性相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。此譯員先說...should be both conducive...而隨后在譯“又要防止……”時一下子難以找到相應(yīng)的形容詞,所以他譯出的句子結(jié)構(gòu)梗不太通順了。口譯時,可有意識地避開both...and...結(jié)構(gòu)。如刪除關(guān)聯(lián)詞,改用拆句法來譯以上一句,便不容易出錯...should be conducive...,and should also refrain from...2.1.5 Not only...,but also...例 而且現(xiàn)在這種民主的制度,不但是在農(nóng)村,而且在企業(yè)也在試行。Such a democratic system now is not only in existence in the villages,in the rural areas,but also is being practiced in some enterprises.中國人在口譯“不但……而且……”時往往習(xí)慣于譯成is not only..., but also...很少想到在心與not only之間插上些字。如經(jīng)過刻意訓(xùn)練,可將此譯文簡化為is in existence not only in villages but also in enterprises。未經(jīng)過專門訓(xùn)練的學(xué)生可能還是使用is not only...but also...的結(jié)構(gòu)更輕松一些。例 不僅中國同歐盟之間,或者是同歐洲國家之間,現(xiàn)在在經(jīng)貿(mào)上是重要的互利合作的伙伴,更重要的是在政治上,在國際事務(wù)中,中國同歐盟,中國同歐洲許多國家,也有共同的想法,類似的主張。China and the European Union and European countries have bee important trading partners of mutual benefit and cooperation. What is more important, in the political and international fields, China and the EU, and China and the European countries, share many mon views or similar positions.這里的“不僅……,更重要的是……”最好不要譯成not only..., but also...結(jié)構(gòu),因為全句很長,內(nèi)容較多,而not only與but also后面通常應(yīng)接詞組,能包含的信息有限。此譯員采用斷句的辦法來處理,前后各成一句句子,在中間用What is more important來銜接,這是比較合理的。2.2 總分關(guān)聯(lián)漢語中有不少總分關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu),如“有兩件事,一件是……另一件是……”筆譯成英文時不必羅嗦地譯成There are two things:one is A and the other is B,只需譯成There are two things:A and B,也可譯成Things to do are :First,A;and second B。也就是說,英譯文不必把前后兩處的關(guān)聯(lián)詞都譯出。但在口譯中,如能采用羅嗦的形式,也即把前后的關(guān)聯(lián)詞都譯出,可給聽眾提供更多的線索,使他們更容易跟上譯員的思路。例 十年以后,有人認(rèn)為全世界會有3大貨幣:歐元、美克,但是亞洲不知道會不會有?日元還是人民幣?Some people believe that there39。ll emerge three major currencies in the world,that is,one is Euro and another is the American doll.And do you think there will be one major currency emerging in Asia?在口譯中可添加總分關(guān)聯(lián)詞語three major currencies:one is the Euro,another is the American dollar...更便于聽眾輕松聽懂。2.3 銜接譯員有時會添加一些原漢語中沒有的銜接性詞語。這些銜接詞語沒有改變?nèi)牡恼Z義,但由于清楚地顯示出了上下文之間的關(guān)系,更便于聽眾理解。此外,由于增添了銜接詞語,也就增加了聽者的思考、消化的時間,也即降低了理解,的難度。為了達(dá)到這個目的,有時譯員會選用較長的銜接詞語來代替較短的銜接詞語。2.3.1 添加銜接詞語例 4月下旬葉利欽總統(tǒng)將應(yīng)邀訪問中國。中俄之間將有多項的協(xié)議進(jìn)行簽署。President Yeltsin will visit China in late April. By that time there will be another agreement to be signed between China and Russia.漢語的前后兩句中沒有使用連接詞語,但在英文中添加了by that time,使前后兩句的語義關(guān)系更清楚。例 由于美國的錯誤決定,造成了這樣的形勢。他們應(yīng)該想一想,來改變一下這種局面。Later on,precisely because of the erroneous decision by the U.S.government,tension emerged in Taiwan Straits.So, I think it is the United States which has to think how they can change the situation.譯員添加子銜接詞語So,I think。2.3.2 拉長銜接詞語例 是不是雙方的關(guān)系有什么問題呢?還有中葡聯(lián)合聯(lián)絡(luò)小組討論澳門的過渡期問題方面,像終審權(quán)、交換儀式,還有駐軍方面,有關(guān)駐軍會不會像香港那樣會有先遣部隊到澳門嗎?謝謝。Does that show that there is any problem in the bilateral relation? And my second question:The joint liaison group...“還有”通??梢院唵巫g成Also,但由于前后內(nèi)容較多;此譯員將這一連接詞擴(kuò)展為“還有一個問題”,因此可譯成And my second question(或And another question)。連接詞語變長,連接關(guān)系更明顯,更容易聽懂。2.4 加總結(jié)詞例 協(xié)定的主要內(nèi)容包括:雙方部署在邊境地區(qū)的軍事力量互不進(jìn)攻,雙方不進(jìn)行針對對方的軍事演習(xí)......The major contents of the agreement include the following...如像漢語一樣譯成...include...在英語中顯得太突兀。此譯員添加了the following:起到了很好的承上啟下的功能。例 有些協(xié)議,比如說,中日跨世紀(jì)的青少年交流計劃,中日中長期的有關(guān)環(huán)保問題的合作,還有中日雙方關(guān)于高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的合作等等,應(yīng)該在雙方的實際行動中很好地加以落實。The agreements such as the exchange program between the young people of China and Japan and the mediumand longterm cooperation in the area of environmental protection as well as the cooperation in hightech areas all these agreements should be implemented fully.前面介紹的各種協(xié)議較多、較長,英譯時會顯得更長,這時如直接與動詞should be implemented連上,聽眾未必能聽清主語是什么。此譯員補上了總結(jié)性的詞語all these agreements;大大有助于聽眾理解。2.5 保留連接詞that從語法的角度來看,He said he would leave tomorrow與He said that he would leave tomorrow同樣是正確的句子。但心理語言學(xué)的實驗表明,使用連接詞(that)雖然使句子變長,但聽者理解全句的速度更快。筆者研究了國家級譯員的口譯錄音資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)他們幾乎總是使用含有連接詞that的句型,不使用省去that的形式。這無疑有助于增加譯文的清晰度。例 宏觀調(diào)控可以說現(xiàn)在它有4個成效出來。那么第一個就是它對付金融風(fēng)暴。Such a policy has produced four major results.The first result is that it helped China to cope with the Asian financial crisis.例 另外,據(jù)觀察人士說,廣東國際信托投資公司倒閉案損害了包括日本在內(nèi)的外國金融機構(gòu)對中國的信用。Some observers say that the bankruptcy of GITIC has actually made the foreign financial institutions, including some Japanese financial institutions,lower their credit rating of China.2.6 語義相關(guān)的詞匯緊密相連在書面英語中,即使語義相關(guān)的詞被隔開一定距離,讀者仍能通過前后尋找辯認(rèn)出相關(guān)詞語之間的關(guān)系。在口譯中,聽者不可能退回去重聽一遍,所以譯員應(yīng)避免給聽者制造額外的麻煩,盡量將語義相關(guān)的詞匯安排在一起。例如,雖然我們在筆譯時不應(yīng)無故使用被動語態(tài),但在口譯中,有時使用被動語態(tài)有助于把語義相關(guān)的詞匯(如動詞與賓語)連接在一起,有助于減輕聽者的心理負(fù)擔(dān)。例 建設(shè)有中國特色社會主義的目標(biāo)就一定能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。We are bound to make our objective of building socialism with Chinese characteristics a reality.此譯員水平較高,把“實現(xiàn)”譯成make (our objective of building socialism with Chinese characteristics )