【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ness. Others have a sense of urgency that this situation be quickly met with a battle plan that can chaperon these procedures into the surgical mainstream with oute and patient quality assurance data that will justify their deployment. Also, a credentialing and continuing education process that is globally deployable, impartial, and accessible to all colleagues is needed to achieve a high level of patient quality assurance associated with these techniques. Historically, the granting of surgical privileges lies solely with individual hospitals. For the process to be maximally effective, a fair and diverse initial evaluation procedure must be used, together with a continuous surveillance program with ongoing educational support. To acplish this, much effort and many resources must be brought to bear to support an optimal effort, which is a price that many hospitals cannot afford to pay, so wide discrepancies exist in the effectiveness of this process among hospitals. For minimally invasive surgery to advance safely, this shorting must be corrected. The encouragement and requirement of trained surgeons in the United States to pursue continuing education were landmark mitments in the early years of this century. This move was ahead of its time and the rest of the world is just making a similar mitment. Despite the historical mitment to continuing surgical education, posture over the past 50 years has been mainly defensive. The many technique advances have been gradually disseminated, and all have involved the use of basic surgical skills. With the advent of the minimally invasive revolution, surgeons have been faced with the development of new techniques and procedures that require an alien skill set that is difficult to acquire. The unprecedented influence of technology has led to new, swift developments. Also, the increasing involvement of patients in the health care delivery process has cultivated patient demand as a factor that must be addressed. All of these conditions are producing increasing pressure to change the educational strategy from defensive to offensive. To address all of the aforementioned factors, education must harness these new procedures. This task is further plicated by an economic crunch. Managed care has significantly cut reimbursements and decreased productivity time because of bureaucratic algorithms and paperwork. Surgeons do not have the time or money to pursue an aggressive postgraduate education program, so all strategies must be convenient, costeffective, and continuous. Traditional educational strategies and delivery systems do not address current needs. The medical field must turn to technology to address these issues effectively. To their credit, the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) have aggressively pursued formulating requirements of all efforts designed to address these challenges. The following sections are summaries of their guidelines.Article OutlineSAGES REQUIREMENTS Skills Acquisition for Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery Basic Laparoscopic SurgeryAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery Faculty Training Courses.Faculty Mentoring.Fellowships.Resident Training Courses.Skills Laboratories.Needs Assessment.Reexamination of Residency Training.Educational Resources.AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS REQUIREMENTSTECHNOLOGIC ADVANCES FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION SkillDevelopment ProgramsInternetTelemunication GoalsLaparoscopic Skill DevelopmentCognitive Development ProgramRemedial Education for Quality AssuranceTactical Leadership DevelopmentNursing ProgramTelemedicineSUMMARYReferences169A hybrid approach for dynamic routing planning in an automated assembly shopOriginal Research ArticleRobotics and ComputerIntegrated Manufacturing, Volume 26, Issue 6, December 2010, Pages 768777Shadi Keshavarzmanesh, Lihui Wang, HsiYung FengClose preview| Purchase PDF (839 K) | Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractHighly turbulent environment of dynamic jobshop operations affects shop floor layout as well as manufacturing operations. Due to the dyn