【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 cting us the next 。b)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后即將或按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：He said he could not e because he would be haying a ，因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（Present perfect tense）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系，即用一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由動(dòng)詞have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法1)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛完成，漢語(yǔ)常用了或過(guò)來(lái)表示。如：I have finished my 。We have set up many new factories in this 。She has read all these 。2)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去完成，表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)或結(jié)果。漢語(yǔ)常用過(guò)來(lái)表示。如：Have you ever seen the play The Doll39。s House? 你看過(guò)話劇《傀儡家庭》嗎?Yes，I have seen it 。I have learnt to 。The man has lived in 。[注] 注意be在下面句子中的意義。如：Where have you been? －I39。ve been to the ?到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去了。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? ―No，I39。ve never been ?沒(méi)到過(guò)。How have you been?－I39。ve been well thank ?謝謝你，我近來(lái)很好。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響等，而過(guò)去一般時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，一般不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：1)I have lost my 。(意即還沒(méi)找到，現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有筆用。)She lost her pen yes 。(筆是昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否，沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。)2)I have been to the Agricultural 。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我知道它的內(nèi)容)I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last 。(只說(shuō)明我上周參觀過(guò)展覽會(huì)這件事)3) Who has opened the door? 誰(shuí)把門開(kāi)了?(現(xiàn)在門還開(kāi)著)Who opened the door? 誰(shuí)開(kāi)的門?(指過(guò)去，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)?，F(xiàn)在門是關(guān)著還是開(kāi)著，沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。)4) A：Have you had your lunch? 你吃過(guò)年飯沒(méi)有?(意即你現(xiàn)在不餓嗎?)B：Yes，I 。(意即我現(xiàn)在飽了，不要再吃了。)A：When did you have it 你什么時(shí)候吃的?(說(shuō)話人感興趣的是吃這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在什么時(shí)候。)B：I had it about half an hour 。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的其他用法1)還可表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。這時(shí)常和since所引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句或for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)連用(for有時(shí)可以省去)。How long have you been in Beijing ? －I have been in Beijing for four ?我在北京呆了四年。Isaac39。s father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾薩克的父親從一九六八年以來(lái)就當(dāng)教師。We haven39。t had a vacation for a long 。Three years have passed since we left 。[注]但在下面的句子中，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如：It is three years since I began to work on the state 。(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)用has been，下例同此)It39。s a long time since I saw you 。2)在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。I39。ll go with you when I have finished my home work，我做完作業(yè)后就和你一塊去。We39。ll wait here until you have Written the 。Perhaps I39。ll know more English after I have learnt it for two ，懂的英語(yǔ)或許就會(huì)多些了。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況，是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因此不能和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)如yesterday，1asr month，three years ago，in l960等連用。這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)只能和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用，表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞just和before連用。如：He has just 。We have seen the movie before，我們以前看過(guò)這個(gè)電影。2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和表示不確定的時(shí)間的副詞already，never，ever，always，yet，not...yet，often等連用。如：Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐過(guò)飛機(jī)嗎?The new books have not arrived 。The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese 。Have you heard from him yet? 你接到他的信了嗎?They have already finished their 。Many westerners have never seen a giant 。We have often been to the Summer 。3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now，today，this month，this year等。如：We have planted many fruit trees this 。Have you seen Benny today? 你今天見(jiàn)到本尼了嗎?We39。ve had a lot of rain this 。但如說(shuō)話人所感興趣的只是在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生了某一動(dòng)作，而不是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系時(shí)，須用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：The conference opened this 。Their farm set up a pumping station this 。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和疑問(wèn)副詞where，why，how連用，但通常不和疑問(wèn)副詞when連用(when一般只與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用)。如：Where have you been? 你去哪兒了?(詢問(wèn)經(jīng)過(guò)情況。如說(shuō)Where did you go?則只問(wèn)地點(diǎn))Why have you turned off the radio? 你干嗎把收音機(jī)關(guān)了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，意即收音機(jī)關(guān)著。如說(shuō)Why did you turn off the radio?則強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)收音機(jī)這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。) 助動(dòng)詞1. 助動(dòng)詞的形式與作用1)英語(yǔ)常用的助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助動(dòng)詞一般無(wú)詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。助動(dòng)詞在句中的作用，在于幫助構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、否定和疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)等。如：China has entered a great new era. 中國(guó)已進(jìn)入了一個(gè)偉大的新時(shí)期。(幫助構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài))Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (幫助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))Mother is written by Gorky. 《母親》是高爾基寫的。 (幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))We Shall have the football match if it does not ，我們就賽足球。(幫助構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)和否定結(jié)構(gòu))Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思嗎?(幫助構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu))[注]在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，not須放在助動(dòng)詞后面。2)助動(dòng)詞加not一般都有簡(jiǎn)略式，用于口語(yǔ)中。如：is notisn39。t would notwouldn39。tare notaren39。t [B:nt] have nothaven39。twas not wasn39。t has nothasn39。twere not weren39。t [wE:nt] had nothadn39。tshall notshan39。t [FB:nt] do notdon39。t [dEunt]will notwon39。t [wEunt] does notdoesn39。tshould notshouldn39。t did notdidn39。t2. be助動(dòng)詞be的形式變化和動(dòng)詞be。be作為助動(dòng)詞的用法有下列幾種：1)be后跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 可以構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：The driver is cleaning the 。Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new 。Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist 。2) be后跟動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：A lot of consumer goods are made of 。The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此舉行。The cinema will be closed for repair from March 。3)be加動(dòng)詞不定式 有下列各種用法：a)表示未來(lái)的安排或計(jì)劃。如：The delegation is to leave for Shanghai 。I39。m to be home before 。b)表示必要或命令或問(wèn)對(duì)方的意志。如：You39。re to hand in your exercises 。Where am I to put these tools? 這些工具應(yīng)該放在什么地方?What is to be done?怎么辦?c)表示可能，與can或may相仿。如：I am not sure whether he is to turn up 。My key is nowhere to be 。d) be + about + 動(dòng)詞不定式則表計(jì)劃即將，如：The meeting is about to 。have 的過(guò)去式是had。Have (had)作為助動(dòng)詞和過(guò)去分詞一起，構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：I have known Mr. Smith for four 。He has not made up his mind 。A woman came in with a baby，who had just swallowed a safety 。[注] have的簡(jiǎn)略式是39。ve，has的簡(jiǎn)略式是39。s，had的簡(jiǎn)略式是39。d，如I39。ve，you39。ve，he39。s，I39。d，we39。d，he39。d，they39。d等。do的過(guò)去式是did。do (did)作為助動(dòng)詞，有下列一些用法：1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句。如：Do you know each other? 你們兩人認(rèn)識(shí)嗎?How do you find the climate here? 你覺(jué)得這里的氣候怎么樣?She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as ，她照常上班去了。2)構(gòu)成否定的祈使句。如：Don39。t be so 。Do not hesitate to e when you need 。3)加強(qiáng)陳述句和祈使句的語(yǔ)氣。如：I do think he is 。Do e 。Do ask，if you have any ，務(wù)必提出。4)用于倒裝句中。如：Only then did I understand the importance of ，我才了解到科學(xué)的重要性。Never did I expect to see him 。5)還可用來(lái)代替主要?jiǎng)釉~，以避免重復(fù)。較常用在簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中。如：Does he also study geography?他也學(xué)地理嗎? ――Yes，he ，他也學(xué)地理。Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes，it did。上星期雪下得多嗎? 是的，下得很多。He works even harder than you do. 他比你還要用功。[注] 上面最后一句中的do應(yīng)喚作替代詞，只是為了初學(xué)者的方便而放在助動(dòng)詞項(xiàng)下。3. shall和Will助動(dòng)詞shall本身沒(méi)有詞義，只用在第一人稱的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多為will所代替)。在將來(lái)一般時(shí)中，shall后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：I shall think it 。Don39。t worry. We shall tell you all about 。我們都會(huì)告訴你的。1)助動(dòng)詞will本身沒(méi)有詞義，只用在第二、三人稱的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中。will在將來(lái)一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：He will be twentyfive years old next 。You will have an examination in English 。The weather forecast says that