【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 re dead and 233persons were injured . The ecological environment was severely destructed. Till now ,more than 300,000 persons were dead owing to this pollution accident in Europe. North european also were damaged. ? In , 2022, natural gas (containing more hydrogen sulfide) blowout accident occurred at Gaoqiao town in kaixian county ,Chongqing . 243 persons were dead. ?Environmental contamination of biological factors: ?Drinking water(pathogenic microbial， hepatitis virus , cryptosporidium－隱孢子蟲 ) ?Air: respiratory municable disease, SARS (2) chronic hazard ?Definition:hazard induced by the long term exposure to low concentration pollutants. ?Substance accumulation:heavy metals, anochloride ?Functional accumulation:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD ? ? Characterization of chronic hazard: ? 1. increases of morbidity and mortality in the population ? 2. chronic disease↑,. COPD ? 3. increase of pollutant burden in the body ? 4. chronic bined effects pollution and cancer ? reported scrotum cancer of the young boys cleaning chimney in 1775 ? 6,900,000 cases yearly died from malignant tumor in the world . ? New cases of cancers:8,700,000 ? In China,yearly new cases of cancers:1,600,000 ? Died of cancer :1,300,000 Ⅰ Classification of carcinogen and environmental chemical carcinogen ? International agency of research on cancer(IARC)(2022):878chemicals reported according to the carcinogenicity on humans ? to humans :87 ? carcinogenicity to humans:63 ? carcinogenicity to humans:234 ? as to carcinogenicity to humans:493 ? not carcinogenic to humans:1 ? The International Agency for research on cancer(IARC) classified carcinogens as follows: ? 1. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity, which indicates that there is a causal relationship between the agent(s) and human cancer. ? 2. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity, which indicates that a interpretation is credible but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding variables, could not be pletely excluded. ? 3. Inadequate evidence, which indicates that one of three conditions, prevailed: ? ⑴ there were few pertinent data。 ? ⑵ the available studies, while showing evidence of association, did not exclude chance, bias, or confounding variables。 ? ⑶ studies were available that did not show evidence of carcinogenicity. ? According to the activity of chemical carcinogen： ? Direct carcinogen ? Indirect carcinogen/procarcinogen ? According to the mutagenicity of chemical carcinogen： ? Genotoxic carcinogen ? Nongenotoxic carcinogen ? Cocarcinogen: promoting tumor growth 表 24 常見的致癌物 直接烷化劑 芥子氣 、 氯甲甲醚 、 環(huán)氧乙烷 、 硫酸二乙酯 間接烷化劑 氯乙烯 、 苯 、 丁二烯 、 烷化抗癌藥 多環(huán)芳烴類 苯并芘 、 二甲基苯蒽 、 二苯蒽 、 三甲基膽蒽 、 煤焦油 、瀝青 芳香胺類 聯(lián)苯胺 、 乙萘胺 、 4氨基聯(lián)苯 、 4硝基聯(lián)苯 金屬和類金屬 鎳 、 鉻 、 鎘 、 鈹 、 砷 亞硝胺及亞硝酰胺 二甲基亞硝胺 、 二乙基亞硝胺 、 亞硝酰胺 霉菌和植物毒素 黃曲霉毒素 、 蘇鐵素 、 黃樟素 、 固體 （ 不可溶 ） 物 結(jié)晶硅及石棉 嗜好品 吸煙 、 嚼煙 、 檳榔 、 鼻煙 、 過量的酒精飲料 食物的熱裂解產(chǎn)物 雜環(huán)胺類 、 2氨 3甲基 咪唑喹啉 、 2氨 3， 4甲基 咪唑喹啉 類 別 化學(xué)物舉例 藥物 (含某些激素 ) 環(huán)磷酰胺 、 噻替派 、 己烯雌酚 Ⅱ Mechanism of carcinogenesis influenced by multisteps and various factors ? 1. Multisteps of carcinogenesis ? ⑴ initiation of tumor :activate protooncogen or inactivate tumor suppressor gene DNA injury gene mutationmutated cells ? ⑵ promotion:TPA(佛波酯 ), croton oil(巴豆油 )， saccharine(糖精 ) ? ⑶ progression:changes of the genotype of mutated cellmalignant cells ? 2. Multigene and various factors participate in Carcinogenesis ? Activity of protogene and inactivity of tumor impressing gene ,p53 ? Carcinogenesis process of multistep,several gene,various factors: ? ① inducing geic changes of switch point gene。 ? ② inducing epigeic changes of switch point gene。 ? ③ increasing cell clonal expression of geic changes of switch point gene。 Ⅲ air pollution and lung cancer ? Air pollution in urbia is more serious than rural areas. ? The mortality of lung cancer of urban residents is higher than that of rural areas. ? Carcinogens(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAH) are found out in urban air. ? Demonstrated by epidemiological investigations ? the difference in lung cancer mortalities of between urbia and rural area ?Central district: ,000 ?Suburbia district:,000 ?Rural area: ,000 ? indoor air pollution and lung cancer ?Xuanwei county Yunnan province,China ?Basic data of epidemiological investigation for the lung cancer in Xuanwei county: ?High mortality of lung cancer came up to ? ① lung cancer is in the first place in various kinds of cancers ? ② lung cancer mortality in farmers is higher than workers or staff in this county ?③ lung cancer mortality of women is higher than in men ? ④ Cigarette smoking is not related to lung cancer: male %, female % ? ⑤ significant difference of lung cancer mortality in various districts ? ⑥ the mortality of lung cancer is highly related to the indoor air pollution induced by fuel(soft coal煙煤 ) burning , and the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene is 626 μg/m3, ? Lung cancer mortality is related to fuel burning, soft coal＞ hard coal(無煙煤）＞wood 表 25 空氣中 BaP濃度與肺癌死亡率 公 社 室外 BaP (μg ／100m3) 室內(nèi) BaP (μg ／ 100m3) 1973～ 1979年肺癌調(diào)整死亡率 (1/10萬 ) 城 關(guān) 來 賓 榕 城 龍 潭 龍 場 板 橋 海 岱 普 立 落 水 熱 水 寶 山 Ⅳ WATER POLLUTION AND TUMOR ? 2221anic pounds were found out from water ,765 from tap water, 20 of them were