【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 手車的質(zhì)量，2011年經(jīng)過(guò)美國(guó)認(rèn)證的二手車的銷量上升76％。同時(shí)通過(guò)統(tǒng)一的服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使購(gòu)買舊車的消費(fèi)者，在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)，享受與新車銷售相同的待遇。(四)稅收、價(jià)格評(píng)估等方面。從北美、歐州情況看，絕大部分國(guó)家在舊車交易中是按照購(gòu)進(jìn)銷售之間的差價(jià)征稅，英國(guó)按照差價(jià)毛率征收，臺(tái)灣也是按照差價(jià)征收5％的增值稅。一般情況舊車的評(píng)估是由第三方評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)和評(píng)估公司來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。(五)信息現(xiàn)代化。越是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，信息化程度越高，如美國(guó)、英國(guó)、德國(guó)、日本等國(guó)，品牌專賣店基本是新舊車同店銷售，在互連網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行舊車拍賣，利用先進(jìn)的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)舊車各種信息的查詢，極大方便了舊車的交易。(六)行業(yè)組織作用突顯。無(wú)論從發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展國(guó)家看，政府基本上不干預(yù)舊車交易，行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)在加強(qiáng)行業(yè)管理和行業(yè)自律，制定行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面的作用越來(lái)越突出。美國(guó)有汽車經(jīng)銷商協(xié)會(huì)，德國(guó)有汽車經(jīng)銷商協(xié)會(huì)，臺(tái)灣有車輛商業(yè)同業(yè)公會(huì)等，這些協(xié)會(huì)在汽車流通行業(yè)管理中，起到很重要的作用，從發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家舊車交易情況看，經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)達(dá)，舊車交易越活躍，一方面可以促進(jìn)新車的銷售；另方面可以促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展[8]。. 中國(guó)特色的二手車流通體系學(xué)習(xí)借鑒國(guó)外先進(jìn)理念、先進(jìn)管理、先進(jìn)技術(shù)、先進(jìn)營(yíng)銷方式的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合中國(guó)國(guó)情建立中國(guó)特色的二手車流通體系。第一，引導(dǎo)品牌企業(yè)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)，培育專業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)外，品牌新車企業(yè)是二手車流通體系中的重要組成部分，引入品牌企業(yè)可防止二手車市場(chǎng)“一放就亂”和各種形式二手車經(jīng)營(yíng)實(shí)體之間惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的局面出現(xiàn)。通過(guò)嚴(yán)把資質(zhì)審核的關(guān)口，也有利于規(guī)范市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入門檻，可以有計(jì)劃、有步驟地培育一批具有固定交易場(chǎng)所、擁有高素質(zhì)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)的經(jīng)營(yíng)公司。第二，建立科學(xué)規(guī)范的鑒定評(píng)估體系。目前在多數(shù)購(gòu)車者并不懂行的情況下，二手車交易應(yīng)該建立科學(xué)規(guī)范的鑒定評(píng)估體系，實(shí)行評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)入機(jī)制和歸口管理，由國(guó)家主管部門制定統(tǒng)一的鑒定評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、流程，引入第三方鑒定評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)。新的鑒定評(píng)估體系要實(shí)現(xiàn)在買賣雙方自愿的基礎(chǔ)上，評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)車輛的性能、技術(shù)參數(shù)和質(zhì)量狀況等做出全面評(píng)估。實(shí)行評(píng)估收入與評(píng)估價(jià)格脫鉤，保證評(píng)估鑒定工作的公平、公開(kāi)和公正。第三，改善交易方式。與買賣雙方“一對(duì)一”交易方式下信息公開(kāi)不充分，買賣雙方難以實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳對(duì)接相比，將車輛信息公布于眾進(jìn)行拍賣，在賣主可接受底線的基礎(chǔ)上，讓買主充分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，確保二手車價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)最大化。要加大不同品牌、不同區(qū)域內(nèi)二手車的流通力度，新車經(jīng)銷企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)與二手車經(jīng)紀(jì)公司、拍賣公司等形成聯(lián)盟關(guān)系，在二手車流通上形成合力。第四，建立信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系，簡(jiǎn)化交易手續(xù)，規(guī)范交易行為。建立二手車交易信息平臺(tái)，提供市場(chǎng)交易信息，信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系可提供汽車在使用過(guò)程中的基礎(chǔ)信息查詢，如車輛事故紀(jì)錄、維修保養(yǎng)紀(jì)錄和實(shí)際行駛里程等?？梢宰屬I家在購(gòu)買前就可以查詢到車輛的“身世”，進(jìn)行放心消費(fèi)。規(guī)范的交易行為也將有效消除很多買家的疑慮，有力促進(jìn)二手車市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展。第五，出臺(tái)二手車振興措施。相對(duì)于新車的眾多優(yōu)惠政策而言，二手車亟待國(guó)家進(jìn)行鼓勵(lì)扶持。國(guó)家可考慮從稅率上進(jìn)行減免，目前的增值稅是否可以統(tǒng)一調(diào)整為1％，使二手車經(jīng)銷企業(yè)和經(jīng)紀(jì)企業(yè)處于同一競(jìng)爭(zhēng)水平。另外，二手車消費(fèi)中的信貸比較困難，目前很多二手車經(jīng)營(yíng)公司開(kāi)展此業(yè)務(wù)的手續(xù)非常復(fù)雜，對(duì)戶籍、房產(chǎn)證、工資證明都有非常嚴(yán)格的要求。如果貸款手續(xù)簡(jiǎn)化，也將積極推動(dòng)二手車市場(chǎng)。結(jié)束語(yǔ)：隨著我國(guó)汽車行業(yè)的高速發(fā)展，二手車市場(chǎng)的交易量和規(guī)模也日益壯大，其巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿σ仓饾u突現(xiàn)出來(lái)，對(duì)二手車市場(chǎng)的關(guān)注也逐步加強(qiáng)。二手車的發(fā)展意義更是愈顯重要，它影響著整個(gè)汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)和社會(huì)生活的諸多方面。我國(guó)二手車市場(chǎng)相對(duì)于國(guó)外來(lái)說(shuō)，起步晚，存在許多不完善和不規(guī)范的地方但是近年來(lái)市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展相當(dāng)迅速。在市場(chǎng)的快速的發(fā)展中，國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)將成為我國(guó)二手車市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的指明燈，借鑒國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn)，結(jié)合我國(guó)市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀，發(fā)展符合中國(guó)特色的市場(chǎng)體系，成為我國(guó)二手車發(fā)展的一條有效而快速的途徑。致謝：此篇論文在編寫過(guò)程中,我收集了大量的資料，重新學(xué)習(xí)了排版方面的問(wèn)題，在劉步豐老師的精心指導(dǎo)下，論文得以完成！在此向劉步豐老師表示深深的感謝和崇高的敬意。 論文的完成意味著我三年大學(xué)接近了尾聲，感謝老師這三年來(lái)對(duì)我的教導(dǎo)、關(guān)懷和幫助。再次感謝老師！參考文獻(xiàn)：[1] 二手車市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀與前景展望 中國(guó)工程咨詢 2003年何繼 [2] 對(duì)我國(guó)二手車市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的思考 世界汽車 2003 吳勇 [3] 學(xué)問(wèn)問(wèn)與答. 我國(guó)二手車市場(chǎng)存在的問(wèn)題及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)[EB/OL]. [4]中國(guó)汽車流通協(xié)會(huì). 2011年全年二手車市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)分析終稿[DB/OL][5] 魯植雄. 二手車鑒定評(píng)估實(shí)用手冊(cè) [M]. 江蘇：江蘇科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2007[6] 周 興 .二手車鑒定、評(píng)估與交易 [M]. 北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，2008 [7] 陳永革. 二手車貿(mào)易 [M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2006[8] 沈 榮 . 六大原因促進(jìn)二手車市場(chǎng)繁榮發(fā)展[R/OL]. 上海汽車,2004年3外文翻譯：Spin control for carsStability control systems are the latest in a string of technologies focusing on improved diriving safety. Such systems detect the initial phases of a skid and restore directional control in 40 milliseconds, seven times faster than the reaction time of the average human. They correct vehicle paths by adjusting engine torque or applying the left orrightside brakes, or both, as needed. The technology has already been applied to the MercedesBenz S600 coupe.Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react. Safety glass, seat belts, crumple zones, air bags, antilock brakes, traction control, and now stability control. The continuing progression of safety systems for cars has yielded yet another device designed to keep occupants from injury. Stability control systems help drivers recover from uncontrolled skids in curves, thus avoiding spinouts and accidents. Using puters and an array of sensors, a stability control system detects the onset of a skid and restores directional control more quickly than a human driver can. Every microsecond, the system takes a snapshot, calculating whether a car is going exactly in the direction it is being steered. If there is the slightest difference between where the driver is steering and where the vehicle is going, the system corrects its path in a splitsecond by adjusting engine torque and/or applying the cat39。s left or rightside brakes as needed. Typical reaction time is 40 milliseconds seven times faster than that of the average human. A stability control system senses the driver39。s desired motion from the steering angle, the accelerator pedal position, and the brake pressure while determining the vehicle39。s actual motion from the yaw rate (vehicle rotation about its vertical axis) and lateral acceleration, explained Anton van Zanten, project leader of the Robert Bosch engineering team. Van Zanten39。s group and a team of engineers from MercedesBenz, led by project manager Armin Muller, developed the first fully effective stability control system, which regulates engine torque and wheel brake pressures using traction control ponents to minimize the difference between the desired and actual motion. Automotive safety experts believe that stability control systems will reduce the number of accidents, or at least the severity of damage. Safety statistics say that most of the deadly accidents in which a single car spins out (accounting for four percent of all deadly collisions) could be avoided using the new technology. The additional cost of the new systems are on the order of the increasingly popular antilock brake/traction control units now available for cars. The debut of stability control technology took place in Europe on the MercedesBenz S600 coupe this spring. Developed jointly during the past few years by Robert Bosch GmbH and MercedesBenz AG, both of Stuttgart, Germany, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC). in Bosch terminology, or the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), as Mercedes calls it, maintains vehicle stability in most driving situations. Bosch developed the system, and MercedesBenz integrated it into the vehicle. Mercedes engineers used the stateoftheart DaimlerBenz virtualreality driving simulator in Berlin to evaluate the system under extreme conditions, such as strong crosswinds. They then put the system through its paces on the slick ice of Lake Hornavan near Arjeplog, Sweden. Work is currently under way to adapt the technology to buses and large trucks, to avoid jackknifing, for example. Stability control systems will first appear in mid1995 on some European SClass models and will reach the . market during the 1996