歐洲文化入門第一章(編輯修改稿)
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【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 . Thucydides is considered by many to be a scientific historian because of his efforts in his History to describe the human world in terms of cause and effect, his strict standards of gathering evidence, and his neglect of the gods in explaining the events of the past. 7. Philosophy and science Introduction a. Socrates b. Plato c. Aristotle d. Contending Schools of Thought e. Science Introduction ? The ancient Greeks’ curiosity about things, free enquiry, imagination ? The PreSocrates Greek Philosophers ? Pythagoras 畢達(dá)哥斯 ? Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 ? Democritus 德莫克里特 Pythagoras 畢達(dá)哥斯 ? A bold thinker, founder of scientific mathematics, the father of numbers ? To Pythagoras, All things were numbers. Heracleitue (about 540480 .)赫拉克利特 ? Ancient Greek philosopher ? Fire is the primary element of the universe. 火是萬(wàn)物之源 ? “ All is flux, nothing is stationary.” ——“ 一切皆流，無(wú)物常住。 ” ? “ You cannot step twice into the same river… The sun is new everyday.” ——“ 人不能第二次踏進(jìn)同一條河流。 ” ? He held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 世界是對(duì)立中的和諧 Democritus 德莫克里特 ? A preSocratic Greek philosopher ? The earliest materiamlist, from whom we get the English word atom a. Socrates ? The greatest names in European philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who were active in the 5th and 4th century . They were closely linked to each other. ? Socrates (470399 B. C.), Dialectic method 蘇格拉底，辯證法 (羅素 ) b. Plato (428348 .) 柏拉圖 ? Ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates ? Dialogues 《對(duì)話》 ? Idealism—p26 ? Materialism–p27 ? Influence—absorbed into Christian thought c. Aristotle (384322 .) 亞里士多德 ? Ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great ? The great humanist and the great man of science ? Works—Ethics, Politics, Poetics, and Rhetoric 《詩(shī)學(xué)》 ? Aristotle and Plato –p28 The School of Athens ? Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael. Aristotle gestures to the earth, representing his belief in knowledge through empirical observation and experience, while holding a copy of his Ethics in his hand, while Plato gestures to the
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