【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 飯”。那個(gè)拐彎處發(fā)生過多起車禍。好像寫作課你上過。3. 漢語屬于漢藏語系,英語屬于印歐語系。印歐語言重形合(hypotaxis) ，語句各成分的相互結(jié)合常用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞語或各種語言連接手段，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。 漢語重意合(parataxis) ，句中各成分之間或句子之間的結(jié)合多依靠語義的貫通，少用連接語，所以句法結(jié)構(gòu)形式短小精悍。 Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law. The socalled hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms.The socalled parataxis refers to the realization of the connection of them without the help of the language form but the semantic connection of the words or phrasesThe former one focus on the language cohesion in form, the latter focus on the significance of the vocabulary.“…so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.” E. A. Nida“形合” （syntactic connection）和“意合” （semantic connection）”是已故語言學(xué)家王力先生所譯。A. 分析型的語言語序相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，綜合型的語言語序相對(duì)靈活P26 。 eg. a very important question a question of great importantce 一個(gè)非常重要的問題（）一個(gè)非常問題重要的 I gave him a book. I gave a book to him. 我給了他一本書。 我給了一本書他。1) 好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上。Study hard, make progress every day.Study hard, and make progress every day.If one studies hard, he will make progress every day.2) 他不來，我不走。He doesn’t e, I won’t go.I won’t go unless he es.I’ll stay until he es.More examples3) 去了也白去。Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.4) 天氣寒冷，河水都結(jié)了冰。It was so cold that the river froze.5) 跑得了和尚跑不了廟。The monk may run away, but the temple can not run away with them.B. 英語形態(tài)變化表現(xiàn)在：性、數(shù)、格、時(shí)、體、語氣。有了這些變化，一個(gè)詞常?？梢员磉_(dá)幾種語法意義。1）Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.2) I regret not having taken her adivice漢語通過借助詞語，安排語序，隱含意義或其他辦法表達(dá)語法意義。3) 他被剝奪了權(quán)利之后，只好離職，流落他鄉(xiāng)。He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power. 漢語的定語一般在名詞的前面， 英語的定語很多時(shí)候放在后面。4） 一個(gè)可辯論的問題 a debatable subject a subject which can be debated 5） 以空前的速度 at an unecpected speed at a speed unexpected C. 導(dǎo)致靈活語序的–connectives，還有非謂語形式：不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞； 介詞短語及其他的獨(dú)立成分。Connectives (聯(lián)系用語)。 Relative pronoun （關(guān)系代詞）。Relative adverb（關(guān)系副詞）Coordinator（并列連接詞）。 Subordinator （從屬連接詞）。Relative Pronoun (who, whom, which, that, what)。 Relative Adverb (when, where, why, how) and, or, but, both … and …, either … or …, neither … nor …, not only … but also …, so that, as well as, rather than, when/ as/ while/ every time/ as soon as/ directly/ / no sooner……where/ wherever/ where…there... because of/ as a result of/ for the reason that/ for fear that/ seeing that/ considering/ given that/ as a result/ with the result that/ for this reason/ hence/ so that…英語由于有眾多的連接方式，這些詞使英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)上可以疊床架屋，盤根錯(cuò)節(jié)，句式顯得非常復(fù)雜，冗長(zhǎng)但卻非常嚴(yán)格、完整。英語句式有邏輯次序安排、語義重心布置上都比較自由、靈活，形態(tài)上像一串豐滿的葡萄。1) This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 這就是他匆匆離去的理由。2) Do you know the way how they solved the problems? 你知道他是怎樣解決這個(gè)問題的嗎？3) question discussed。 討論過的問題 question to be discussed有待討論的問題漢語一般不習(xí)慣太長(zhǎng)的句式，行文多用竹竿節(jié)一般的短句，語義信息按照一定的規(guī)律編成竹竿節(jié)，再沿竹竿向前行走。這就決定了漢語的行文安排不如英語那樣自由靈活。P34 (定語翻譯）再說也不存在非限定動(dòng)詞；漢語句子中的語法主要由詞序來決定；詞序的安排主要取決于動(dòng)詞在句子里的分配位置。Eg. 她心地善良，為人樂觀，性情溫柔，待人和藹，心地寬闊（都是偏正關(guān)系）。D. .漢語詞的語調(diào)常常表示一定的字義變化漢語也有許多助詞， 如動(dòng)