【正文】 d have a great number of literary forms or genres. (風(fēng)格）Changing in culture often give rise to new types of discourse, . Technical prose , financial reports, and news resumes. Telegraphic style is giving way to the fuller statements employed in faxing, and mercial codes for cabling instructions to overseas agents are being dropped in favor of telephonic transfer of uter messages by means of modems (信息處理調(diào)解器）. Differences lie in culture emphasisRice 米， 稻，谷，米飯Temple廟宇，寺院，圣堂，神殿Cousin 堂兄弟，堂姐妹，表兄弟，表姐妹會議meeting, conference, concil, convention神god, spirit, deity, divinity意見opinion, view, plaint ,objection, criticism 差異與類同是不可分割的．英漢語的共時對比，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩語言同中有異，異中有同，似同實(shí)異，似異實(shí)同。 Every potter praises his own pot.　　老王賣瓜，自賣自夸．英漢語對比需要我們仔細(xì)比對、思考，勤于收集語言材料。Eg. The polularity of certain types of discourse may also reflect culture concern. Epic poetry seems to have suffered a severe loss of popularity . 4. 中國倫理型文化的中庸和諧，陰陽平衡和辯證統(tǒng)一體現(xiàn)在它的語言最求均衡美和對稱美。無論是現(xiàn)在語言學(xué)奠基人索緒爾，還是美國語言學(xué)家布龍菲爾德，還是結(jié)構(gòu)主義大師喬姆斯基都只能對語言進(jìn)行表層現(xiàn)象研究。打著“中國文化語言學(xué)”旗號的語言學(xué)家以申小龍，游汝杰和陳建民為代表的語言學(xué)家。以哲學(xué)的高度，歷史的眼光，現(xiàn)在的角度將宏觀和微觀相結(jié)合，從縱橫，虛實(shí)、深淺和中外等層面，進(jìn)行發(fā)散性、多學(xué)科、多層次的綜合研究。（參考P3448）1. 從英漢語的語言特征來說：英語是綜合語， 漢語是分析語。英語綜合語：運(yùn)用形態(tài)變化來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。“語法生硬，沒有彈性”，屬于‘法治’語言?！罢Z法是軟性的，富有靈性”。 如：畫餅充饑 ，添磚加瓦，危在旦夕，望穿秋水，三天打魚，兩天曬網(wǎng)，覆水難收，還有...2. 1 Binary Oppositions between English amp。There goes the bell.It’s interesting to talk with you. 漢語：人治，柔性，隱性，語用型，平面性，流散型“曬太陽，闖紅燈，生怕，生米煮成了熟飯”。好像寫作課你上過。印歐語言重形合(hypotaxis) ，語句各成分的相互結(jié)合常用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞語或各種語言連接手段，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。 Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law. The socalled hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms.The socalled parataxis refers to the realization of the connection of them without the help of the language form but the semantic connection of the words or phrasesThe former one focus on the language cohesion in form, the latter focus on the significance of the vocabulary.“…so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.” E. A. Nida“形合” （syntactic connection）和“意合” （semantic connection）”是已故語言學(xué)家王力先生所譯。 eg. a very important question a question of great importantce 一個非常重要的問題（）一個非常問題重要的 I gave him a book. I gave a book to him. 我給了他一本書。1) 好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上。He doesn’t e, I won’t go.I won’t go unless he es.I’ll stay until he es.More examples3) 去了也白去。It was so cold that the river froze.5) 跑得了和尚跑不了廟。有了這些變化，一個詞常?？梢员磉_(dá)幾種語法意義。3) 他被剝奪了權(quán)利之后，只好離職，流落他鄉(xiāng)。4） 一個可辯論的問題 a debatable subject a subject which can be debated 5） 以空前的速度 at an unecpected speed at a speed unexpected C. 導(dǎo)致靈活語序的–connectives，還有非謂語形式：不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞； 介詞短語及其他的獨(dú)立成分。 Relative pronoun （關(guān)系代詞）。 Subordinator （從屬連接詞）。 Relative Adverb (when, where, why, how) and, or, but, both … and …, either … or …, neither … nor …, not only … but also …, so that, as well as, rather than, when/ as/ while/ every time/ as soon as/ directly/ / no sooner……where/ wherever/ where…there... because of/ as a result of/ for the reason that/ for fear that/ s